Staphylococcus aureus proteins and nucleic acids

ABSTRACT

The invention provides proteins from  Staphylococcus aureus  including amino acid sequences and the corresponding nucleotide sequences. The proteins are useful for vaccines, immunogenic compositions, diagnostics, enzymatic studies and also as targets for antibiotics.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/050,107, filed Feb. 22, 2016; which is a Continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/263,783, filed Apr. 28, 2014; which is aContinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/253,018, filed Oct.4, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,753,650; which is a Divisional of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/460,422, filed Jul. 17, 2009, now U.S.Pat. No. 8,398,996; which is a Divisional of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/471,571, claiming an international filing date of Mar. 27,2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,276; which is the U.S. National Phase ofinternational Patent Application No. PCT/IB2002/002637, filed Mar. 27,2002; which claims priority to United Kingdom Application No. 0107661.1,filed Mar. 27, 2001; the disclosures of which are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING ON ASCH TEXT FILE

The content of the following submission on ASCII text file isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readableform (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: 303822010002SeqList.txt,date recorded: Feb. 17, 2016, size: 10,078 KB).

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to nucleic acid and proteins from the bacteriaStaphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND ART

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive spherical bacterium which, onmicroscopic examination, appears in pairs, short chains, or bunchedclusters. Some strains are capable of producing a highly heat-stableprotein enterotoxin that causes food poisoning (staphyloenterotoxicosis)in humans. Of particular clinical concern are strains which areresistant to a wide range of antibiotics (‘MRSA’).

There is currently no effective vaccine against S.aureus, although apolysaccharide conjugate vaccine is currently undergoing clinical trials(StaphVAX™ from Nabi).

It is an object of the invention to provide proteins which can be usedin the development of vaccines. Further objects are to provide proteinsand nucleic acid which can be used in the diagnosis of S.aureusinfection, to provide proteins and nucleic acid which can be used forthe detection of S.aureus, to provide nucleic acid which is useful forthe expression of S.aureus proteins, and to provide proteins which areuseful targets for antibiotic research.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides proteins comprising the S.aureus amino acidsequences disclosed in the examples. These amino acid sequences are theeven SEQ IDs between 2 and 5642.

It also provides proteins comprising amino acid sequences havingsequence identity to the S.aureus amino acid sequences disclosed in theexamples. Depending on the particular sequence, the degree of sequenceidentity is preferably greater than 50% (e.g. 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99% or more). These proteins include homologs, orthologs, allelicvariants and functional mutants. Typically, 50% identity or more betweentwo proteins is considered to be an indication of functionalequivalence. Identity between proteins is preferably determined by theSmith-Waterman homology search algorithm as implemented in the MPSRCHprogram (Oxford Molecular), using an affine gap search with parametersgap open penalty=12 and gap extension penalty=1.

The invention further provides proteins comprising fragments of theS.aureus amino acid sequences disclosed in the examples. The fragmentsshould comprise at least n consecutive amino acids from the sequencesand, depending on the particular sequence, n is 7 or more (e.g. 8, 10,12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more). Preferablythe fragments comprise one or more epitopes from the sequence. Otherpreferred fragments are (a) the N-terminal signal peptides of theproteins disclosed in the examples, (b) the proteins disclosed in theexamples, but without their N-terminal signal peptides, and (c) theproteins disclosed in the examples, but without their N-terminal aminoacid residue.

The proteins of the invention can, of course, be prepared by variousmeans (e.g. recombinant expression, purification from S.aureus, chemicalsynthesis etc.) and in various forms (e.g. native, fusions etc.). Theyare preferably prepared in substantially pure form (i.e. substantiallyfree from other staphylococcal or host cell proteins). Proteins of theinvention are preferably staphylococcal proteins.

Preferred proteins are those which show homology to the ‘GBSnnn’antigens listed in Table IV of PCT/GB01/04789 i.e. which are inferred tobe useful antigens for immunisation and/or diagnosis. These include SEQIDs: 1078 (GBS199), 1876 (GBS177), 1946 (GBS311), 2508 (GBS312), 3724(GBS25), 4600 (GBS90), 4826 (GBS492), and 5360 (GBS114).

According to a further aspect, the invention provides antibodies whichbind to these proteins. These may be polyclonal or monoclonal and may beproduced by any suitable means. The antibodies may include a detectablelabel.

According to a further aspect, the invention provides nucleic acidcomprising the S.aureus nucleotide sequences disclosed in the examples.These sequences are the odd SEQ IDs between 1 and 5641.

In addition, the invention provides nucleic acid comprising nucleotidesequences having sequence identity to the S.aureus nucleotide sequencesdisclosed in the examples. Identity between sequences is preferablydetermined by the Smith-Waterman homology algorithm as described above.

Furthermore, the invention provides nucleic acid which can hybridise tothe S.aureus nucleic acid disclosed in the examples, preferably under“high stringency” conditions (e.g. 65° C. in a 0.1×SSC, 0.5% SDSsolution).

Nucleic acid comprising fragments of these sequences are also provided.These should comprise at least n consecutive nucleotides from theS.aureus sequences and, depending on the particular sequence, n is 10 ormore (e.g. 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,150, 200 or more).

Nucleic acids of the invention can be used in hybridisation reactions(e.g. Northern or Southern blots, or in nucleic acid microarrays or‘gene chips’) and amplification reactions (e.g. PCR, SDA, SSSR, LCR,NASBA, TMA) etc.

According to a further aspect, the invention provides nucleic acidencoding the proteins and protein fragments of the invention.

It should also be appreciated that the invention provides nucleic acidcomprising sequences complementary to those described above (e.g. forantisense or probing purposes).

Nucleic acid according to the invention can, of course, be prepared inmany ways (e.g. by chemical synthesis, from genomic or cDNA libraries,from the organism itself etc.) and can take various forms (e.g. singlestranded, double stranded, vectors, primers, probes etc.). The nucleicacid is preferably in substantially isolated form.

Nucleic acid according to the invention may be labelled e.g. with aradioactive or fluorescent label. This is particularly useful where itis to be used as a primer or probe e.g. in PCR, LCR, TMA, NASBA.

In addition, the term “nucleic acid” includes DNA and RNA, and alsotheir analogues, such as those containing modified backbones, and alsopeptide nucleic acids (PNA) etc.

According to a further aspect, the invention provides vectors comprisingnucleotide sequences of the invention (e.g. cloning or expressionvectors) and host cells transformed with such vectors.

According to a further aspect, the invention provides compositionscomprising protein, antibody, and/or nucleic acid according to theinvention. These compositions may be suitable as immunogeniccompositions, for instance, or as diagnostic reagents, or as vaccines.

The invention also provides nucleic acid, protein, or antibody accordingto the invention for use as medicaments (e.g. as immunogeniccompositions or vaccines) or as diagnostic reagents. It also providesthe use of nucleic acid, protein, or antibody according to the inventionin the manufacture of: (i) a medicament for treating or preventinginfection due to Staphylococcus; (ii) a diagnostic reagent for detectingthe presence of Staphylococcus or of antibodies raised againstStaphylococcus; and/or (iii) a reagent which can raise antibodiesagainst Staphylococcus. Said Staphylococcus may be any species, group orstrain, but is preferably S.aureus.

The invention also provides a method of treating a patient, comprisingadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount ofnucleic acid, protein, and/or antibody of the invention.

The invention also provides a kit comprising primers (e.g. PCR primers)for amplifying a target sequence contained within a Staphylococcus (e.g.S.aureus) nucleic acid sequence, the kit comprising a first primer and asecond primer, wherein the first primer is substantially complementaryto said target sequence and the second primer is substantiallycomplementary to a complement of said target sequence, wherein the partsof said primers which have substantial complementarity define thetermini of the target sequence to be amplified. The first primer and/orthe second primer may include a detectable label (e.g. a fluorescentlabel).

The invention also provides a kit comprising first and secondsingle-stranded oligonucleotides which allow amplification of aStaphylococcus (e.g. S.aureus) template nucleic acid sequence containedin a single- or double-stranded nucleic acid (or mixture thereof),wherein: (a) the first oligonucleotide comprises a primer sequence whichis substantially complementary to said template nucleic acid sequence;(b) the second oligonucleotide comprises a primer sequence which issubstantially complementary to the complement of said template nucleicacid sequence; (c) the first oligonucleotide and/or the secondoligonucleotide comprise(s) sequence which is not complementary to saidtemplate nucleic acid; and (d) said primer sequences define the terminiof the template sequence to be amplified. The non-complementarysequence(s) of feature (c) are preferably upstream of (i.e. 5′ to) theprimer sequences. One or both of these (c) sequences may comprise arestriction site (e.g. EP-B-0509612) or a promoter sequence (e.g.EP-B-0505012). The first oligonucleotide and/or the secondoligonucleotide may include a detectable label (e.g. a fluorescentlabel).

The template sequence may be any part of a genome sequence. For example,it could be a rRNA gene or a protein-coding gene. The template sequenceis preferably specific to S.aureus.

The invention also provides a hybrid protein represented by the formulaNH₂-A-[-X-L-]_(m)-B—COOH, wherein X is an amino acid sequence of theinvention as described above, L is an optional linker amino acidsequence, A is an optional N-terminal amino acid sequence, B is anoptional C-terminal amino acid sequence, and n is an integer greaterthan 1. The value of n is between 2 and x, and the value of x istypically 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. Preferably n is 2, 3 or 4; it ismore preferably 2 or 3; most preferably, n=2. For each n instances, -X-may be the same or different. For each n instances of [-X-L-], linkeramino acid sequence -L- may be present or absent. For instance, when n=2the hybrid may be NH₂—X₁-L₁-X₂-L₂-COOH, NH₂—X₁-X₂—COOH,NH₂—X₁-L₁-X₂—COOH, NH₂—X₁-X₂-L₂-COOH, etc. Linker amino acid sequence(s)-L- will typically be short (e.g. 20 or fewer amino acids i.e. 19, 18,17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). Examplesinclude short peptide sequences which facilitate cloning, poly-glycinelinkers (i.e. Gly_(n) where n=2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more), andhistidine tags (i.e. His_(n) where n=3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more).Other suitable linker amino acid sequences will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. -A- and -B- are optional sequences which willtypically be short (e.g. 40 or fewer amino acids i.e. 39, 38, 37, 36,35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18,17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). Examplesinclude leader sequences to direct protein trafficking, or short peptidesequences which facilitate cloning or purification (e.g. histidine tagsi.e. His_(n) where n=3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more). Other suitableN-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art.

According to further aspects, the invention provides various processes.

A process for producing proteins of the invention is provided,comprising the step of culturing a host cell of to the invention underconditions which induce protein expression.

A process for producing protein or nucleic acid of the invention isprovided, wherein the protein or nucleic acid is synthesised in part orin whole using chemical means.

A process for detecting polynucleotides of the invention is provided,comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a nucleic probe according to theinvention with a biological sample under hybridising conditions to formduplexes; and (b) detecting said duplexes.

A process for detecting Staphylococcus in a biological sample is alsoprovided, comprising the step of contacting nucleic according to theinvention with the biological sample under hybridising conditions. Theprocess may involve nucleic acid amplification (e.g. PCR, SDA, SSSR,NASBA, LCR, TMA etc.) or hybridisation (e.g. microarrays, blots,hybridisation with a probe in solution etc.). PCR detection of S.aureusin clinical samples (especially MRSA) has previously been reported [seee.g. Murakami et al. (1991) J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2240-2244; Bignardiet al. (1996) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37:53-63; Kitagawa et al. (1996)Ann. Surgery 224:665-671; Vannuffel et al. (1998) J. Clin. Microbiol.36:2366-2368; Jayaratne & Rutherford (1999) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect.Dis. 35:13-18].

A process for detecting proteins of the invention is provided,comprising the steps of: (a) contacting an antibody of the inventionwith a biological sample under conditions suitable for the formation ofan antibody-antigen complexes; and (b) detecting said complexes.

The invention also provides a process for determining whether a testcompound binds to a protein of the invention. If a test compound bindsto a protein of the invention and this binding inhibits the life cycleof the S.aureus bacterium, then the test compound can be used as anantibiotic or as a lead compound for the design of antibiotics. Theprocess will typically comprise the steps of contacting a test compoundwith a protein of the invention, and determining whether the testcompound binds to said protein. Preferred proteins of the invention foruse in these processes are enzymes (e.g. tRNA synthetases), membranetransporters and ribosomal proteins. Suitable test compounds includeproteins, polypeptides, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (e.g. DNA,RNA, and modified forms thereof), as well as small organic compounds(e.g. MW between 200 and 2000 Da). The test compounds may be providedindividually, but will typically be part of a library (e.g. acombinatorial library). Methods for detecting a binding interactioninclude NMR, filter-binding assays, gel-retardation assays, displacementassays, surface plasmon resonance, reverse two-hybrid etc. A compoundwhich binds to a protein of the invention can be tested for antibioticactivity by contacting the compound with S.aureus and then monitoringfor inhibition of growth. The invention also provides a compoundidentified using these methods.

The invention also provides a composition comprising a protein or theinvention and one or more of the following antigens:

-   -   a protein antigen from Helicobacter pylori such as VacA, CagA,        NAP, HopX, HopY [e.g. WO98/04702] and/or urease.    -   a protein antigen from N.meningitidis serogroup B, such as those        in WO99/24578, WO99/36544, WO99/57280, WO00/22430, Tettelin et        al. (2000) Science 287:1809-1815, Pizza et al. (2000) Science        287:1816-1820 and WO96/29412, with protein ‘287’ and derivatives        being particularly preferred.    -   an outer-membrane vesicle (OMV) preparation from N.meningitidis        serogroup B, such as those disclosed in WO01/52885; Bjune et        al. (1991) Lancet 338(8775):1093-1096; Fukasawa et al. (1999)        Vaccine 17:2951-2958; Rosenqvist et al. (1998) Dev. Biol. Stand.        92:323-333 etc.    -   a saccharide antigen from N.meningitidis serogroup A, C, W135        and/or Y, such as the oligosaccharide disclosed in Costantino et        al. (1992) Vaccine 10:691-698 from serogroup C [see also        Costantino et al. (1999) Vaccine 17:1251-1263].    -   a saccharide antigen from Streptococcus pneumoniae [e.g.        Watson (2000) Pediatr Infect Dis J 19:331-332; Rubin (2000)        Pediatr Clin North Am 47:269-285, v; Jedrzejas (2001) Microbiol        Mol Biol Rev 65:187-207].    -   an antigen from hepatitis A virus, such as inactivated virus        [e.g. Bell (2000) Pediatr Infect Dis J 19:1187-1188;        Iwarson (1995) APMIS 103:321-326].    -   an antigen from hepatitis B virus, such as the surface and/or        core antigens [e.g. Gerlich et al. (1990) Vaccine 8 Suppl:S63-68        & 79-80].    -   an antigen from hepatitis C virus [e.g. Hsu et al. (1999) Clin        Liver Dis 3:901-915].    -   an antigen from Bordetella pertussis, such as pertussis        holotoxin (PT) and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) from        B.pertussis, optionally also in combination with pertactin        and/or agglutinogens 2 and 3 [e.g. Gustafsson et al. (1996) N.        Engl. J. Med. 334:349-355; Rappuoli et al. (1991) TIBTECH        9:232-238].    -   a diphtheria antigen, such as a diphtheria toxoid [e.g. chapter        3 of Vaccines (1988) eds. Plotkin & Mortimer. ISBN        0-7216-1946-0] e.g. the CRM₁₉₇ mutant [e.g. Del Guidice et        al. (1998) Molecular Aspects of Medicine 19:1-70].    -   a tetanus antigen, such as a tetanus toxoid [e.g. chapter 4 of        Plotkin & Mortimer].    -   a saccharide antigen from Haemophilus influenzae B.    -   an antigen from N.gonorrhoeae [e.g. WO99/24578, WO99/36544,        WO99/57280].    -   an antigen from Chlamydia pneumoniae [e.g. WO02/02606; Kalman et        al. (1999) Nature Genetics 21:385-389; Read et al. (2000)        Nucleic Acids Res 28:1397-406; Shirai et al. (2000) J. Infect.        Dis. 181(Suppl 3):S524-5527; WO99/27105; WO00/27994;        WO00/37494].    -   an antigen from S.agalactiae [e.g. PCT/GB01/04789]    -   an antigen from S.pyogenes [e.g. PCT/GB01/04789]    -   an antigen from Chlamydia trachomatis [e.g. WO99/28475].    -   an antigen from Porphyromonas gingivalis [e.g. Ross et        al. (2001) Vaccine 19:4135-4142].    -   polio antigen(s) [e.g. Sutter et al. (2000) Pediatr Clin North        Am 47:287-308; Zimmerman & Spann (1999) Am Fam Physician        59:113-118, 125-126] such as IPV or OPV.    -   rabies antigen(s) [e.g. Dreesen (1997) Vaccine 15 Suppl:S2-6]        such as lyophilised inactivated virus [e.g. MMWR Morb Mortal        Wkly Rep 1998 Jan. 16; 47(1):12, 19; RabAvert™].    -   measles, mumps and/or rubella antigens [e.g. chapters 9, 10 & 11        of Plotkin & Mortimer].    -   influenza antigen(s) [e.g. chapter 19 of Plotkin & Mortimer],        such as the haemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase surface        proteins.    -   an antigen from Moraxella catarrhalis [e.g. McMichael (2000)        Vaccine 19 Suppl 1:S101-107].

Where a saccharide or carbohydrate antigen is included, it is preferablyconjugated to a carrier protein in order to enhance immunogenicity [e.g.Ramsay et al. (2001) Lancet 357(9251):195-196; Lindberg (1999) Vaccine17 Suppl 2:S28-36; Conjugate Vaccines (eds. Cruse et al.) ISBN3805549326, particularly vol. 10:48-114 etc.]. Preferred carrierproteins are bacterial toxins or toxoids, such as diphtheria or tetanustoxoids. The CRM₁₉₇ diphtheria toxoid is particularly preferred. Othersuitable carrier proteins include the N.meningitidis outer membraneprotein [e.g. EP-0372501], synthetic peptides [e.g. EP-0378881,EP-0427347], heat shock proteins [e.g. WO93/17712], pertussis proteins[e.g. WO98/58668; EP-0471177], protein D from H.influenzae [e.g.WO00/56360], toxin A or B from C.difficile [e.g. WO00/61761], etc. Anysuitable conjugation reaction can be used, with any suitable linkerwhere necessary.

Toxic protein antigens may be detoxified where necessary (e.g.detoxification of pertussis toxin by chemical and/or genetic means).

Where a diphtheria antigen is included in the composition it ispreferred also to include tetanus antigen and pertussis antigens.Similarly, where a tetanus antigen is included it is preferred also toinclude diphtheria and pertussis antigens. Similarly, where a pertussisantigen is included it is preferred also to include diphtheria andtetanus antigens.

Antigens are preferably adsorbed to an aluminium salt.

Antigens in the composition will typically be present at a concentrationof at least 1 μg/ml each. In general, the concentration of any givenantigen will be sufficient to elicit an immune response against thatantigen.

The invention also provides compositions comprising two or more (e.g. 3,4, 5) proteins of the invention.

A summary of standard techniques and procedures which may be employed toperform the invention (e.g. to utilise the disclosed sequences forvaccination or diagnostic purposes) follows. This summary is not alimitation on the invention but, rather, gives examples that may beused, but are not required.

General

The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwiseindicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology,recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art.Such techniques are explained fully in the literature eg. SambrookMolecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition (1989); DNACloning, Volumes I and II (D. N Glover ed. 1985); OligonucleotideSynthesis (M. J. Gait ed, 1984); Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames& S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription and Translation (B. D. Hames &S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Animal Cell Culture (R. I. Freshney ed. 1986);Immobilized Cells and Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A PracticalGuide to Molecular Cloning (1984); the Methods in Enzymology series(Academic Press, Inc.), especially volumes 154 & 155; Gene TransferVectors for Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos eds. 1987,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Mayer and Walker, eds. (1987),Immunochemical Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology (Academic Press,London); Scopes, (1987) Protein Purification: Principles and Practice,Second Edition (Springer-Verlag, N.Y.), and Handbook of ExperimentalImmunology, Volumes I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell eds 1986).

Standard abbreviations for nucleotides and amino acids are used in thisspecification.

Definitions

A composition containing X is “substantially free of” Y when at least85% by weight of the total X+Y in the composition is X. Preferably, Xcomprises at least about 90% by weight of the total of X+Y in thecomposition, more preferably at least about 95% or even 99% by weight.

The term “comprising” means “including” as well as “consisting” e.g. acomposition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or may includesomething additional e.g. X+Y.

The term “heterologous” refers to two biological components that are notfound together in nature. The components may be host cells, genes, orregulatory regions, such as promoters. Although the heterologouscomponents are not found together in nature, they can function together,as when a promoter heterologous to a gene is operably linked to thegene. Another example is where a Staphylococcus sequence is heterologousto a mouse host cell. A further examples would be two epitopes from thesame or different proteins which have been assembled in a single proteinin an arrangement not found in nature.

An “origin of replication” is a polynucleotide sequence that initiatesand regulates replication of polynucleotides, such as an expressionvector. The origin of replication behaves as an autonomous unit ofpolynucleotide replication within a cell, capable of replication underits own control. An origin of replication may be needed for a vector toreplicate in a particular host cell. With certain origins ofreplication, an expression vector can be reproduced at a high copynumber in the presence of the appropriate proteins within the cell.Examples of origins are the autonomously replicating sequences, whichare effective in yeast; and the viral T-antigen, effective in COS-7cells.

A “mutant” sequence is defined as DNA, RNA or amino acid sequencediffering from but having sequence identity with the native or disclosedsequence. Depending on the particular sequence, the degree of sequenceidentity between the native or disclosed sequence and the mutantsequence is preferably greater than 50% (eg. 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99% or more, calculated using the Smith-Waterman algorithm as describedabove). As used herein, an “allelic variant” of a nucleic acid molecule,or region, for which nucleic acid sequence is provided herein is anucleic acid molecule, or region, that occurs essentially at the samelocus in the genome of another or second isolate, and that, due tonatural variation caused by, for example, mutation or recombination, hasa similar but not identical nucleic acid sequence. A coding regionallelic variant typically encodes a protein having similar activity tothat of the protein encoded by the gene to which it is being compared.An allelic variant can also comprise an alteration in the 5′ or 3′untranslated regions of the gene, such as in regulatory control regions(eg. see U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,235).

Expression Systems

The Staphylococcus nucleotide sequences can be expressed in a variety ofdifferent expression systems; for example those used with mammaliancells, baculoviruses, plants, bacteria, and yeast.

i. Mammalian Systems

Mammalian expression systems are known in the art. A mammalian promoteris any DNA sequence capable of binding mammalian RNA polymerase andinitiating the downstream (3′) transcription of a coding sequence (eg.structural gene) into mRNA. A promoter will have a transcriptioninitiating region, which is usually placed proximal to the 5′ end of thecoding sequence, and a TATA box, usually located 25-30 base pairs (bp)upstream of the transcription initiation site. The TATA box is thoughtto direct RNA polymerase II to begin RNA synthesis at the correct site.A mammalian promoter will also contain an upstream promoter element,usually located within 100 to 200 bp upstream of the TATA box. Anupstream promoter element determines the rate at which transcription isinitiated and can act in either orientation [Sambrook et al. (1989)“Expression of Cloned Genes in Mammalian Cells.” In Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, 2nd ed.].

Mammalian viral genes are often highly expressed and have a broad hostrange; therefore sequences encoding mammalian viral genes provideparticularly useful promoter sequences. Examples include the SV40 earlypromoter, mouse mammary tumor virus LTR promoter, adenovirus major latepromoter (Ad MLP), and herpes simplex virus promoter. In addition,sequences derived from non-viral genes, such as the murinemetallotheionein gene, also provide useful promoter sequences.Expression may be either constitutive or regulated (inducible),depending on the promoter can be induced with glucocorticoid inhormone-responsive cells.

The presence of an enhancer element (enhancer), combined with thepromoter elements described above, will usually increase expressionlevels. An enhancer is a regulatory DNA sequence that can stimulatetranscription up to 1000-fold when linked to homologous or heterologouspromoters, with synthesis beginning at the normal RNA start site.Enhancers are also active when they are placed upstream or downstreamfrom the transcription initiation site, in either normal or flippedorientation, or at a distance of more than 1000 nucleotides from thepromoter [Maniatis et al. (1987) Science 236:1237; Alberts et al. (1989)Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed.]. Enhancer elements derived fromviruses may be particularly useful, because they usually have a broaderhost range. Examples include the SV40 early gene enhancer [Dijkema et al(1985) EMBO J. 4:761] and the enhancer/promoters derived from the longterminal repeat (LTR) of the Rous Sarcoma Virus [Gorman et al. (1982b)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79:6777] and from human cytomegalovirus [Boshartet al. (1985) Cell 41:521]. Additionally, some enhancers are regulatableand become active only in the presence of an inducer, such as a hormoneor metal ion [Sansone-Corsi and Borelli (1986) Trends Genet. 2:215;Maniatis et al. (1987) Science 236:1237].

A DNA molecule may be expressed intracellularly in mammalian cells. Apromoter sequence may be directly linked with the DNA molecule, in whichcase the first amino acid at the N-terminus of the recombinant proteinwill always be a methionine, which is encoded by the ATG start codon. Ifdesired, the N-terminus may be cleaved from the protein by in vitroincubation with cyanogen bromide.

Alternatively, foreign proteins can also be secreted from the cell intothe growth media by creating chimeric DNA molecules that encode a fusionprotein comprised of a leader sequence fragment that provides forsecretion of the foreign protein in mammalian cells. Preferably, thereare processing sites encoded between the leader fragment and the foreigngene that can be cleaved either in vivo or in vitro. The leader sequencefragment usually encodes a signal peptide comprised of hydrophobic aminoacids which direct the secretion of the protein from the cell. Theadenovirus triparite leader is an example of a leader sequence thatprovides for secretion of a foreign protein in mammalian cells.

Usually, transcription termination and polyadenylation sequencesrecognized by mammalian cells are regulatory regions located 3′ to thetranslation stop codon and thus, together with the promoter elements,flank the coding sequence. The 3′ terminus of the mature mRNA is formedby site-specific post-transcriptional cleavage and polyadenylation[Birnstiel et al. (1985) Cell 41:349; Proudfoot and Whitelaw (1988)“Termination and 3′ end processing of eukaryotic RNA. In Transcriptionand splicing (ed. B. D. Hames and D. M. Glover); Proudfoot (1989) TrendsBiochem. Sci. 14:105]. These sequences direct the transcription of anmRNA which can be translated into the polypeptide encoded by the DNA.Examples of transcription terminater/polyadenylation signals includethose derived from SV40 [Sambrook et al (1989) “Expression of clonedgenes in cultured mammalian cells.” In Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual].

Usually, the above described components, comprising a promoter,polyadenylation signal, and transcription termination sequence are puttogether into expression constructs. Enhancers, introns with functionalsplice donor and acceptor sites, and leader sequences may also beincluded in an expression construct, if desired. Expression constructsare often maintained in a replicon, such as an extrachromosomal element(eg. plasmids) capable of stable maintenance in a host, such asmammalian cells or bacteria. Mammalian replication systems include thosederived from animal viruses, which require trans-acting factors toreplicate. For example, plasmids containing the replication systems ofpapovaviruses, such as SV40 [Gluzman (1981) Cell 23:175] orpolyomavirus, replicate to extremely high copy number in the presence ofthe appropriate viral T antigen. Additional examples of mammalianreplicons include those derived from bovine papillomavirus andEpstein-Barr virus. Additionally, the replicon may have two replicatonsystems, thus allowing it to be maintained, for example, in mammaliancells for expression and in a prokaryotic host for cloning andamplification. Examples of such mammalian-bacteria shuttle vectorsinclude pMT2 [Kaufman et al. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:946] and pHEBO[Shimizu et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:1074].

The transformation procedure used depends upon the host to betransformed. Methods for introduction of heterologous polynucleotidesinto mammalian cells are known in the art and include dextran-mediatedtransfection, calcium phosphate precipitation, polybrene mediatedtransfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, encapsulation of thepolynucleotide(s) in liposomes, and direct microinjection of the DNAinto nuclei.

Mammalian cell lines available as hosts for expression are known in theart and include many immortalized cell lines available from the AmericanType Culture Collection (ATCC), including but not limited to, Chinesehamster ovary (CHO) cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells,monkey kidney cells (COS), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (eg. HepG2), and a number of other cell lines.

ii. Baculovirus Systems

The polynucleotide encoding the protein can also be inserted into asuitable insect expression vector, and is operably linked to the controlelements within that vector. Vector construction employs techniqueswhich are known in the art. Generally, the components of the expressionsystem include a transfer vector, usually a bacterial plasmid, whichcontains both a fragment of the baculovirus genome, and a convenientrestriction site for insertion of the heterologous gene or genes to beexpressed; a wild type baculovirus with a sequence homologous to thebaculovirus-specific fragment in the transfer vector (this allows forthe homologous recombination of the heterologous gene in to thebaculovirus genome); and appropriate insect host cells and growth media.

After inserting the DNA sequence encoding the protein into the transfervector, the vector and the wild type viral genome are transfected intoan insect host cell where the vector and viral genome are allowed torecombine. The packaged recombinant virus is expressed and recombinantplaques are identified and purified. Materials and methods forbaculovirus/insect cell expression systems are commercially available inkit form from, inter alia, Invitrogen, San Diego Calif. (“MaxBac” kit).These techniques are generally known to those skilled in the art andfully described in Summers and Smith, Texas Agricultural ExperimentStation Bulletin No. 1555 (1987) (hereinafter “Summers and Smith”).

Prior to inserting the DNA sequence encoding the protein into thebaculovirus genome, the above described components, comprising apromoter, leader (if desired), coding sequence, and transcriptiontermination sequence, are usually assembled into an intermediatetransplacement construct (transfer vector). This may contain a singlegene and operably linked regulatory elements; multiple genes, each withits owned set of operably linked regulatory elements; or multiple genes,regulated by the same set of regulatory elements. Intermediatetransplacement constructs are often maintained in a replicon, such as anextra-chromosomal element (e.g. plasmids) capable of stable maintenancein a host, such as a bacterium. The replicon will have a replicationsystem, thus allowing it to be maintained in a suitable host for cloningand amplification.

Currently, the most commonly used transfer vector for introducingforeign genes into AcNPV is pAc373. Many other vectors, known to thoseof skill in the art, have also been designed. These include, forexample, pVL985 (which alters the polyhedrin start codon from ATG toATT, and which introduces a BamHI cloning site 32 basepairs downstreamfrom the ATT; see Luckow and Summers, Virology (1989) 17:31.

The plasmid usually also contains the polyhedrin polyadenylation signal(Miller et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 42:177) and a prokaryoticampicillin-resistance (amp) gene and origin of replication for selectionand propagation in E. coli.

Baculovirus transfer vectors usually contain a baculovirus promoter. Abaculovirus promoter is any DNA sequence capable of binding abaculovirus RNA polymerase and initiating the downstream (5′ to 3′)transcription of a coding sequence (eg. structural gene) into mRNA. Apromoter will have a transcription initiation region which is usuallyplaced proximal to the 5′ end of the coding sequence. This transcriptioninitiation region usually includes an RNA polymerase binding site and atranscription initiation site. A baculovirus transfer vector may alsohave a second domain called an enhancer, which, if present, is usuallydistal to the structural gene. Expression may be either regulated orconstitutive.

Structural genes, abundantly transcribed at late times in a viralinfection cycle, provide particularly useful promoter sequences.Examples include sequences derived from the gene encoding the viralpolyhedron protein, Friesen et al., (1986) “The Regulation ofBaculovirus Gene Expression,” in: The Molecular Biology of Baculoviruses(ed. Walter Doerfler); EPO Publ. Nos. 127 839 and 155 476; and the geneencoding the p10 protein, Vlak et al., (1988), J. Gen. Virol. 69:765.

DNA encoding suitable signal sequences can be derived from genes forsecreted insect or baculovirus proteins, such as the baculoviruspolyhedrin gene (Carbonell et al. (1988) Gene, 73:409). Alternatively,since the signals for mammalian cell posttranslational modifications(such as signal peptide cleavage, proteolytic cleavage, andphosphorylation) appear to be recognized by insect cells, and thesignals required for secretion and nuclear accumulation also appear tobe conserved between the invertebrate cells and vertebrate cells,leaders of non-insect origin, such as those derived from genes encodinghuman α-interferon, Maeda et al., (1985), Nature 315:592; humangastrin-releasing peptide, Lebacq-Verheyden et al., (1988), Molec. Cell.Biol. 8:3129; human IL-2, Smith et al., (1985) Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci.USA, 82:8404; mouse IL-3, (Miyajima et al., (1987) Gene 58:273; andhuman glucocerebrosidase, Martin et al. (1988) DNA, 7:99, can also beused to provide for secretion in insects.

A recombinant polypeptide or polyprotein may be expressedintracellularly or, if it is expressed with the proper regulatorysequences, it can be secreted. Good intracellular expression of nonfusedforeign proteins usually requires heterologous genes that ideally have ashort leader sequence containing suitable translation initiation signalspreceding an ATG start signal. If desired, methionine at the N-terminusmay be cleaved from the mature protein by in vitro incubation withcyanogen bromide.

Alternatively, recombinant polyproteins or proteins which are notnaturally secreted can be secreted from the insect cell by creatingchimeric DNA molecules that encode a fusion protein comprised of aleader sequence fragment that provides for secretion of the foreignprotein in insects. The leader sequence fragment usually encodes asignal peptide comprised of hydrophobic amino acids which direct thetranslocation of the protein into the endoplasmic reticulum.

After insertion of the DNA sequence and/or the gene encoding theexpression product precursor of the protein, an insect cell host isco-transformed with the heterologous DNA of the transfer vector and thegenomic DNA of wild type baculovirus—usually by co-transfection. Thepromoter and transcription termination sequence of the construct willusually comprise a 2-5kb section of the baculovirus genome. Methods forintroducing heterologous DNA into the desired site in the baculovirusvirus are known in the art. (See Summers and Smith supra; Ju et al.(1987); Smith et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. (1983) 3:2156; and Luckow andSummers (1989)). For example, the insertion can be into a gene such asthe polyhedrin gene, by homologous double crossover recombination;insertion can also be into a restriction enzyme site engineered into thedesired baculovirus gene. Miller et al., (1989), Bioessays 4:91.The DNAsequence, when cloned in place of the polyhedrin gene in the expressionvector, is flanked both 5′ and 3′ by polyhedrin-specific sequences andis positioned downstream of the polyhedrin promoter.

The newly formed baculovirus expression vector is subsequently packagedinto an infectious recombinant baculovirus. Homologous recombinationoccurs at low frequency (between about 1% and about 5%); thus, themajority of the virus produced after cotransfection is still wild-typevirus. Therefore, a method is necessary to identify recombinant viruses.An advantage of the expression system is a visual screen allowingrecombinant viruses to be distinguished. The polyhedrin protein, whichis produced by the native virus, is produced at very high levels in thenuclei of infected cells at late times after viral infection.Accumulated polyhedrin protein forms occlusion bodies that also containembedded particles. These occlusion bodies, up to 15 μm in size, arehighly refractile, giving them a bright shiny appearance that is readilyvisualized under the light microscope. Cells infected with recombinantviruses lack occlusion bodies. To distinguish recombinant virus fromwild-type virus, the transfection supernatant is plagued onto amonolayer of insect cells by techniques known to those skilled in theart. Namely, the plaques are screened under the light microscope for thepresence (indicative of wild-type virus) or absence (indicative ofrecombinant virus) of occlusion bodies. “Current Protocols inMicrobiology” Vol. 2 (Ausubel et al. eds) at 16.8 (Supp. 10, 1990);Summers and Smith, supra; Miller et al. (1989).

Recombinant baculovirus expression vectors have been developed forinfection into several insect cells. For example, recombinantbaculoviruses have been developed for, inter alia: Aedes aegypti ,Autographa californica, Bombyx mori, Drosophila melanogaster, Spodopterafrugiperda, and Trichoplusia ni (WO 89/046699; Carbonell et al., (1985)J. Virol. 56:153; Wright (1986) Nature 321:718; Smith et al., (1983)Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:2156; and see generally, Fraser, et al. (1989) InVitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 25:225).

Cells and cell culture media are commercially available for both directand fusion expression of heterologous polypeptides in abaculovirus/expression system; cell culture technology is generallyknown to those skilled in the art. See, eg. Summers and Smith supra.

The modified insect cells may then be grown in an appropriate nutrientmedium, which allows for stable maintenance of the plasmid(s) present inthe modified insect host. Where the expression product gene is underinducible control, the host may be grown to high density, and expressioninduced. Alternatively, where expression is constitutive, the productwill be continuously expressed into the medium and the nutrient mediummust be continuously circulated, while removing the product of interestand augmenting depleted nutrients. The product may be purified by suchtechniques as chromatography, eg. HPLC, affinity chromatography, ionexchange chromatography, etc.; electrophoresis; density gradientcentrifugation; solvent extraction, etc. As appropriate, the product maybe further purified, as required, so as to remove substantially anyinsect proteins which are also present in the medium, so as to provide aproduct which is at least substantially free of host debris, eg.proteins, lipids and polysaccharides.

In order to obtain protein expression, recombinant host cells derivedfrom the transformants are incubated under conditions which allowexpression of the recombinant protein encoding sequence. Theseconditions will vary, dependent upon the host cell selected. However,the conditions are readily ascertainable to those of ordinary skill inthe art, based upon what is known in the art.

iii. Plant Systems

There are many plant cell culture and whole plant genetic expressionsystems known in the art. Exemplary plant cellular genetic expressionsystems include those described in patents, such as: U.S. Pat. No.5,693,506; U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,122; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,143.Additional examples of genetic expression in plant cell culture has beendescribed by Zenk, Phytochemistry 30:3861-3863 (1991). Descriptions ofplant protein signal peptides may be found in addition to the referencesdescribed above in Vaulcombe et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 209:33-40 (1987);Chandler et al., Plant Molecular Biology 3:407-418 (1984); Rogers, J.Biol. Chem. 260:3731-3738 (1985); Rothstein et al., Gene 55:353-356(1987); Whittier et al., Nucleic Acids Research 15:2515-2535 (1987);Wirsel et al., Molecular Microbiology 3:3-14 (1989); Yu et al., Gene122:247-253 (1992). A description of the regulation of plant geneexpression by the phytohormone, gibberellic acid and secreted enzymesinduced by gibberellic acid can be found in R. L. Jones and J.MacMillin, Gibberellins: in: Advanced Plant Physiology, Malcolm B.Wilkins, ed., 1984 Pitman Publishing Limited, London, pp. 21-52.References that describe other metabolically-regulated genes: Sheen,Plant Cell, 2:1027-1038(1990); Maas et al., EMBO J. 9:3447-3452 (1990);Benkel and Hickey, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:1337-1339 (1987).

Typically, using techniques known in the art, a desired polynucleotidesequence is inserted into an expression cassette comprising geneticregulatory elements designed for operation in plants. The expressioncassette is inserted into a desired expression vector with companionsequences upstream and downstream from the expression cassette suitablefor expression in a plant host. The companion sequences will be ofplasmid or viral origin and provide necessary characteristics to thevector to permit the vectors to move DNA from an original cloning host,such as bacteria, to the desired plant host. The basic bacterial/plantvector construct will preferably provide a broad host range prokaryotereplication origin; a prokaryote selectable marker; and, forAgrobacterium transformations, T DNA sequences forAgrobacterium-mediated transfer to plant chromosomes. Where theheterologous gene is not readily amenable to detection, the constructwill preferably also have a selectable marker gene suitable fordetermining if a plant cell has been transformed. A general review ofsuitable markers, for example for the members of the grass family, isfound in Wilmink and Dons, 1993, Plant Mol. Biol. Reptr, 11(2):165-185.

Sequences suitable for permitting integration of the heterologoussequence into the plant genome are also recommended. These might includetransposon sequences and the like for homologous recombination as wellas Ti sequences which permit random insertion of a heterologousexpression cassette into a plant genome. Suitable prokaryote selectablemarkers include resistance toward antibiotics such as ampicillin ortetracycline. Other DNA sequences encoding additional functions may alsobe present in the vector, as is known in the art.

The nucleic acid molecules of the subject invention may be included intoan expression cassette for expression of the protein(s) of interest.Usually, there will be only one expression cassette, although two ormore are feasible. The recombinant expression cassette will contain inaddition to the heterologous protein encoding sequence the followingelements, a promoter region, plant 5′ untranslated sequences, initiationcodon depending upon whether or not the structural gene comes equippedwith one, and a transcription and translation termination sequence.Unique restriction enzyme sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the cassetteallow for easy insertion into a pre-existing vector.

A heterologous coding sequence may be for any protein relating to thepresent invention. The sequence encoding the protein of interest willencode a signal peptide which allows processing and translocation of theprotein, as appropriate, and will usually lack any sequence which mightresult in the binding of the desired protein of the invention to amembrane. Since, for the most part, the transcriptional initiationregion will be for a gene which is expressed and translocated duringgermination, by employing the signal peptide which provides fortranslocation, one may also provide for translocation of the protein ofinterest. In this way, the protein(s) of interest will be translocatedfrom the cells in which they are expressed and may be efficientlyharvested. Typically secretion in seeds are across the aleurone orscutellar epithelium layer into the endosperm of the seed. While it isnot required that the protein be secreted from the cells in which theprotein is produced, this facilitates the isolation and purification ofthe recombinant protein.

Since the ultimate expression of the desired gene product will be in aeucaryotic cell it is desirable to determine whether any portion of thecloned gene contains sequences which will be processed out as introns bythe host's splicosome machinery. If so, site-directed mutagenesis of the“intron” region may be conducted to prevent losing a portion of thegenetic message as a false intron code, Reed and Maniatis, Cell41:95-105, 1985.

The vector can be microinjected directly into plant cells by use ofmicropipettes to mechanically transfer the recombinant DNA. Crossway,Mol. Gen. Genet, 202:179-185, 1985. The genetic material may also betransferred into the plant cell by using polyethylene glycol, Krens, etal., Nature, 296, 72-74, 1982. Another method of introduction of nucleicacid segments is high velocity ballistic penetration by small particleswith the nucleic acid either within the matrix of small beads orparticles, or on the surface, Klein, et al., Nature, 327, 70-73, 1987and Knudsen and Muller, 1991, Planta, 185:330-336 teaching particlebombardment of barley endosperm to create transgenic barley. Yet anothermethod of introduction would be fusion of protoplasts with otherentities, either minicells, cells, lysosomes or other fusiblelipid-surfaced bodies, Fraley, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79,1859-1863, 1982.

The vector may also be introduced into the plant cells byelectroporation. (Fromm et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 82:5824,1985). In this technique, plant protoplasts are electroporated in thepresence of plasmids containing the gene construct. Electrical impulsesof high field strength reversibly permeabilize biomembranes allowing theintroduction of the plasmids. Electroporated plant protoplasts reformthe cell wall, divide, and form plant callus.

All plants from which protoplasts can be isolated and cultured to givewhole regenerated plants can be transformed by the present invention sothat whole plants are recovered which contain the transferred gene. Itis known that practically all plants can be regenerated from culturedcells or tissues, including but not limited to all major species ofsugarcane, sugar beet, cotton, fruit and other trees, legumes andvegetables. Some suitable plants include, for example, species from thegenera Fragaria, Lotus, Medicago, Onobrychis, Trifolium, Trigonella,Vigna, Citrus, Linum, Geranium, Manihot, Daucus, Arabidopsis, Brassica,Raphanus, Sinapis, Atropa, Capsicum, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Lycopersion,Nicotiana, Solanum, Petunia, Digitalis, Majorana, Cichorium, Helianthus,Lactuca, Bromus, Asparagus, Antirrhinum, Hererocallis, Nemesia,Pelargonium, Panicum, Pennisetum, Ranunculus, Senecio, Salpiglossis,Cucumis, Browaalia, Glycine, Lolium, Zea, Triticum, Sorghum, and Datura.

Means for regeneration vary from species to species of plants, butgenerally a suspension of transformed protoplasts containing copies ofthe heterologous gene is first provided. Callus tissue is formed andshoots may be induced from callus and subsequently rooted.Alternatively, embryo formation can be induced from the protoplastsuspension. These embryos germinate as natural embryos to form plants.The culture media will generally contain various amino acids andhormones, such as auxin and cytokinins. It is also advantageous to addglutamic acid and proline to the medium, especially for such species ascorn and alfalfa. Shoots and roots normally develop simultaneously.Efficient regeneration will depend on the medium, on the genotype, andon the history of the culture. If these three variables are controlled,then regeneration is fully reproducible and repeatable.

In some plant cell culture systems, the desired protein of the inventionmay be excreted or alternatively, the protein may be extracted from thewhole plant. Where the desired protein of the invention is secreted intothe medium, it may be collected. Alternatively, the embryos andembryoless-half seeds or other plant tissue may be mechanicallydisrupted to release any secreted protein between cells and tissues. Themixture may be suspended in a buffer solution to retrieve solubleproteins. Conventional protein isolation and purification methods willbe then used to purify the recombinant protein. Parameters of time,temperature pH, oxygen, and volumes will be adjusted through routinemethods to optimize expression and recovery of heterologous protein.

iv. Bacterial Systems

Bacterial expression techniques are known in the art. A bacterialpromoter is any DNA sequence capable of binding bacterial RNA polymeraseand initiating the downstream (3′) transcription of a coding sequence(eg. structural gene) into mRNA. A promoter will have a transcriptioninitiation region which is usually placed proximal to the 5′ end of thecoding sequence. This transcription initiation region usually includesan RNA polymerase binding site and a transcription initiation site. Abacterial promoter may also have a second domain called an operator,that may overlap an adjacent RNA polymerase binding site at which RNAsynthesis begins. The operator permits negative regulated (inducible)transcription, as a gene repressor protein may bind the operator andthereby inhibit transcription of a specific gene. Constitutiveexpression may occur in the absence of negative regulatory elements,such as the operator. In addition, positive regulation may be achievedby a gene activator protein binding sequence, which, if present isusually proximal (5′) to the RNA polymerase binding sequence. An exampleof a gene activator protein is the catabolite activator protein (CAP),which helps initiate transcription of the lac operon in Escherichia coli(E. coli) [Raibaud et al. (1984) Annu. Rev. Genet. 18:173]. Regulatedexpression may therefore be either positive or negative, thereby eitherenhancing or reducing transcription.

Sequences encoding metabolic pathway enzymes provide particularly usefulpromoter sequences. Examples include promoter sequences derived fromsugar metabolizing enzymes, such as galactose, lactose (lac) [Chang etal. (1977) Nature 198:1056], and maltose. Additional examples includepromoter sequences derived from biosynthetic enzymes such as tryptophan(trp) [Goeddel et al. (1980) Nuc. Acids Res. 8:4057; Yelverton et al.(1981) Nucl. Acids Res. 9:731; U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,921; EP-A-0036776 andEP-A-0121775]. The g-laotamase (bla) promoter system [Weissmann (1981)“The cloning of interferon and other mistakes.” In Interferon 3 (ed. I.Gresser)], bacteriophage lambda PL [Shimatake et al. (1981) Nature292:128] and T5 [U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,406] promoter systems also provideuseful promoter sequences.

In addition, synthetic promoters which do not occur in nature alsofunction as bacterial promoters. For example, transcription activationsequences of one bacterial or bacteriophage promoter may be joined withthe operon sequences of another bacterial or bacteriophage promoter,creating a synthetic hybrid promoter [U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,433]. Forexample, the tac promoter is a hybrid trp-lac promoter comprised of bothtrp promoter and lac operon sequences that is regulated by the lacrepressor [Amann et al. (1983) Gene 25:167; de Boer et al. (1983) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:21]. Furthermore, a bacterial promoter can includenaturally occurring promoters of non-bacterial origin that have theability to bind bacterial RNA polymerase and initiate transcription. Anaturally occurring promoter of non-bacterial origin can also be coupledwith a compatible RNA polymerase to produce high levels of expression ofsome genes in prokaryotes. The bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase/promotersystem is an example of a coupled promoter system [Studier et al. (1986)J. Mol. Biol. 189:113; Tabor et al. (1985) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci.82:1074]. In addition, a hybrid promoter can also be comprised of abacteriophage promoter and an E. coli operator region (EPO-A-0 267 851).

In addition to a functioning promoter sequence, an efficient ribosomebinding site is also useful for the expression of foreign genes inprokaryotes. In E. coli, the ribosome binding site is called theShine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence and includes an initiation codon (ATG) anda sequence 3-9 nucleotides in length located 3-11 nucleotides upstreamof the initiation codon [Shine et al. (1975) Nature 254:34]. The SDsequence is thought to promote binding of mRNA to the ribosome by thepairing of bases between the SD sequence and the 3′ and of E. coli 16SrRNA [Steitz et al. (1979) “Genetic signals and nucleotide sequences inmessenger RNA.” In Biological Regulation and Development: GeneExpression (ed. R. F. Goldberger)]. To express eukaryotic genes andprokaryotic genes with weak ribosome-binding site [Sambrook et al.(1989) “Expression of cloned genes in Escherichia coli.” In MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual].

A DNA molecule may be expressed intracellularly. A promoter sequence maybe directly linked with the DNA molecule, in which case the first aminoacid at the N-terminus will always be a methionine, which is encoded bythe ATG start codon. If desired, methionine at the N-terminus may becleaved from the protein by in vitro incubation with cyanogen bromide orby either in vivo on in vitro incubation with a bacterial methionineN-terminal peptidase (EPO-A-0 219 237).

Fusion proteins provide an alternative to direct expression. Usually, aDNA sequence encoding the N-terminal portion of an endogenous bacterialprotein, or other stable protein, is fused to the 5′ end of heterologouscoding sequences. Upon expression, this construct will provide a fusionof the two amino acid sequences. For example, the bacteriophage lambdacell gene can be linked at the 5′ terminus of a foreign gene andexpressed in bacteria. The resulting fusion protein preferably retains asite for a processing enzyme (factor Xa) to cleave the bacteriophageprotein from the foreign gene [Nagai et al. (1984) Nature 309:810].Fusion proteins can also be made with sequences from the lacZ [Jia etal. (1987) Gene 60:197], trpE [Allen et al. (1987) J. Biotechnol. 5:93;Makoff et al. (1989) J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:11], and Chey [EP-A-0 324647] genes. The DNA sequence at the junction of the two amino acidsequences may or may not encode a cleavable site. Another example is aubiquitin fusion protein. Such a fusion protein is made with theubiquitin region that preferably retains a site for a processing enzyme(eg. ubiquitin specific processing-protease) to cleave the ubiquitinfrom the foreign protein. Through this method, native foreign proteincan be isolated [Miller et al. (1989) Bio/Technology 7:698].

Alternatively, foreign proteins can also be secreted from the cell bycreating chimeric DNA molecules that encode a fusion protein comprisedof a signal peptide sequence fragment that provides for secretion of theforeign protein in bacteria [U.S. Pat. No. 4,336,336]. The signalsequence fragment usually encodes a signal peptide comprised ofhydrophobic amino acids which direct the secretion of the protein fromthe cell. The protein is either secreted into the growth media(gram-positive bacteria) or into the periplasmic space, located betweenthe inner and outer membrane of the cell (gram-negative bacteria).Preferably there are processing sites, which can be cleaved either invivo or in vitro encoded between the signal peptide fragment and theforeign gene.

DNA encoding suitable signal sequences can be derived from genes forsecreted bacterial proteins, such as the E. coli outer membrane proteingene (ompA) [Masui et al. (1983), in: Experimental Manipulation of GeneExpression; Ghrayeb et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2437] and the E. colialkaline phosphatase signal sequence (phoA) [Oka et al. (1985) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. 82:7212]. As an additional example, the signal sequenceof the alpha-amylase gene from various Bacillus strains can be used tosecrete heterologous proteins from B. subtilis [Palva et al. (1982)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:5582; EP-A-0 244 042].

Usually, transcription termination sequences recognized by bacteria areregulatory regions located 3′ to the translation stop codon, and thustogether with the promoter flank the coding sequence. These sequencesdirect the transcription of an mRNA which can be translated into thepolypeptide encoded by the DNA. Transcription termination sequencesfrequently include DNA sequences of about 50 nucleotides capable offorming stem loop structures that aid in terminating transcription.Examples include transcription termination sequences derived from geneswith strong promoters, such as the trp gene in E. coli as well as otherbiosynthetic genes.

Usually, the above described components, comprising a promoter, signalsequence (if desired), coding sequence of interest, and transcriptiontermination sequence, are put together into expression constructs.Expression constructs are often maintained in a replicon, such as anextrachromosomal element (eg. plasmids) capable of stable maintenance ina host, such as bacteria. The replicon will have a replication system,thus allowing it to be maintained in a prokaryotic host either forexpression or for cloning and amplification. In addition, a replicon maybe either a high or low copy number plasmid. A high copy number plasmidwill generally have a copy number ranging from about 5 to about 200, andusually about 10 to about 150. A host containing a high copy numberplasmid will preferably contain at least about 10, and more preferablyat least about 20 plasmids. Either a high or low copy number vector maybe selected, depending upon the effect of the vector and the foreignprotein on the host.

Alternatively, the expression constructs can be integrated into thebacterial genome with an integrating vector. Integrating vectors usuallycontain at least one sequence homologous to the bacterial chromosomethat allows the vector to integrate. Integrations appear to result fromrecombinations between homologous DNA in the vector and the bacterialchromosome. For example, integrating vectors constructed with DNA fromvarious Bacillus strains integrate into the Bacillus chromosome (EP-A-0127 328). Integrating vectors may also be comprised of bacteriophage ortransposon sequences.

Usually, extrachromosomal and integrating expression constructs maycontain selectable markers to allow for the selection of bacterialstrains that have been transformed. Selectable markers can be expressedin the bacterial host and may include genes which render bacteriaresistant to drugs such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin,kanamycin (neomycin), and tetracycline [Davies et al. (1978) Annu. Rev.Microbiol. 32:469]. Selectable markers may also include biosyntheticgenes, such as those in the histidine, tryptophan, and leucinebiosynthetic pathways.

Alternatively, some of the above described components can be puttogether in transformation vectors. Transformation vectors are usuallycomprised of a selectable market that is either maintained in a repliconor developed into an integrating vector, as described above.

Expression and transformation vectors, either extra-chromosomalreplicons or integrating vectors, have been developed for transformationinto many bacteria. For example, expression vectors have been developedfor, inter alia, the following bacteria: Bacillus subtilis [Palva et al.(1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:5582; EP-A-0 036 259 and EP-A-0 063953; WO 84/04541], Escherichia coli [Shimatake et al. (1981) Nature292:128; Amann et al. (1985) Gene 40:183; Studier et al. (1986) J. Mol.Biol. 189:113; EP-A-0 036 776, EP-A-0 136 829 and EP-A-0 136 907],Streptococcus cremoris [Powell et al. (1988) Appl. Environ. Microbiol.54:655]; Streptococcus lividans [Powell et al. (1988) Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 54:655], Streptomyces lividans [U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,056].

Methods of introducing exogenous DNA into bacterial hosts are well-knownin the art, and usually include either the transformation of bacteriatreated with CaCl₂ or other agents, such as divalent cations and DMSO.DNA can also be introduced into bacterial cells by electroporation.Transformation procedures usually vary with the bacterial species to betransformed. See eg. [Masson et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 60:273;Palva et al. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:5582; EP-A-0 036 259and EP-A-0 063 953; WO 84/04541, Bacillus], [Miller et al. (1988) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:856; Wang et al. (1990) J. Bacteriol. 172:949,Campylobacter], [Cohen et al. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69:2110;Dower et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:6127; Kushner (1978) “Animproved method for transformation of Escherichia coli withColE1-derived plasmids. In Genetic Engineering: Proceedings of theInternational Symposium on Genetic Engineering (eds. H. W. Boyer and S.Nicosia); Mandel et al. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 53:159; Taketo (1988)Biochim. Biophys. Acta 949:318; Escherichia], [Chassy et al. (1987) FEMSMicrobiol. Lett. 44:173 Lactobacillus]; [Fiedler et al. (1988) Anal.Biochem 170:38, Pseudomonas]; [Augustin et al. (1990) FEMS Microbiol.Lett. 66:203, Staphylococcus], [Barany et al. (1980) J. Bacteriol.144:698; Harlander (1987) “Transformation of Streptococcus lactis byelectroporation, in: Streptococcal Genetics (ed. J. Ferretti and R.Curtiss III); Perry et al. (1981) Infect. Immun. 32:1295; Powell et al.(1988) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:655; Somkuti et al. (1987) Proc. 4thEvr. Cong. Biotechnology 1:412, Streptococcus].

v. Yeast Expression

Yeast expression systems are also known to one of ordinary skill in theart. A yeast promoter is any DNA sequence capable of binding yeast RNApolymerase and initiating the downstream (3′) transcription of a codingsequence (eg. structural gene) into mRNA. A promoter will have atranscription initiation region which is usually placed proximal to the5′ end of the coding sequence. This transcription initiation regionusually includes an RNA polymerase binding site (the “TATA Box”) and atranscription initiation site. A yeast promoter may also have a seconddomain called an upstream activator sequence (UAS), which, if present,is usually distal to the structural gene. The UAS permits regulated(inducible) expression. Constitutive expression occurs in the absence ofa UAS. Regulated expression may be either positive or negative, therebyeither enhancing or reducing transcription.

Yeast is a fermenting organism with an active metabolic pathway,therefore sequences encoding enzymes in the metabolic pathway provideparticularly useful promoter sequences. Examples include alcoholdehydrogenase (ADH) (EP-A-0 284 044), enolase, glucokinase,glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase(GAP or GAPDH), hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, 3-phosphoglyceratemutase, and pyruvate kinase (PyK) (EPO-A-0 329 203). The yeast PHO5gene, encoding acid phosphatase, also provides useful promoter sequences[Myanohara et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:1].

In addition, synthetic promoters which do not occur in nature alsofunction as yeast promoters. For example, UAS sequences of one yeastpromoter may be joined with the transcription activation region ofanother yeast promoter, creating a synthetic hybrid promoter. Examplesof such hybrid promoters include the ADH regulatory sequence linked tothe GAP transcription activation region (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,876,197 and4,880,734). Other examples of hybrid promoters include promoters whichconsist of the regulatory sequences of either the ADH2, GAL4, GAL10, ORPHO5 genes, combined with the transcriptional activation region of aglycolytic enzyme gene such as GAP or PyK (EP-A-0 164 556). Furthermore,a yeast promoter can include naturally occurring promoters of non-yeastorigin that have the ability to bind yeast RNA polymerase and initiatetranscription. Examples of such promoters include, inter alia, [Cohen etal. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:1078; Henikoff et al. (1981)Nature 283:835; Hollenberg et al. (1981) Curr. Topics Microbiol.Immunol. 96:119; Hollenberg et al. (1979) “The Expression of BacterialAntibiotic Resistance Genes in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” in:Plasmids of Medical, Environmental and Commercial Importance (eds. K. N.Timmis and A. Puhler); Mercerau-Puigalon et al. (1980) Gene 11:163;Panthier et al. (1980) Curr. Genet. 2:109;].

A DNA molecule may be expressed intracellularly in yeast. A promotersequence may be directly linked with the DNA molecule, in which case thefirst amino acid at the N-terminus of the recombinant protein willalways be a methionine, which is encoded by the ATG start codon. Ifdesired, methionine at the N-terminus may be cleaved from the protein byin vitro incubation with cyanogen bromide.

Fusion proteins provide an alternative for yeast expression systems, aswell as in mammalian, baculovirus, and bacterial expression systems.Usually, a DNA sequence encoding the N-terminal portion of an endogenousyeast protein, or other stable protein, is fused to the 5′ end ofheterologous coding sequences. Upon expression, this construct willprovide a fusion of the two amino acid sequences. For example, the yeastor human superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene, can be linked at the 5′terminus of a foreign gene and expressed in yeast. The DNA sequence atthe junction of the two amino acid sequences may or may not encode acleavable site. See eg. EP-A-0 196 056. Another example is a ubiquitinfusion protein. Such a fusion protein is made with the ubiquitin regionthat preferably retains a site for a processing enzyme (eg.ubiquitin-specific processing protease) to cleave the ubiquitin from theforeign protein. Through this method, therefore, native foreign proteincan be isolated (eg. WO88/024066).

Alternatively, foreign proteins can also be secreted from the cell intothe growth media by creating chimeric DNA molecules that encode a fusionprotein comprised of a leader sequence fragment that provide forsecretion in yeast of the foreign protein. Preferably, there areprocessing sites encoded between the leader fragment and the foreigngene that can be cleaved either in vivo or in vitro. The leader sequencefragment usually encodes a signal peptide comprised of hydrophobic aminoacids which direct the secretion of the protein from the cell.

DNA encoding suitable signal sequences can be derived from genes forsecreted yeast proteins, such as the yeast invertase gene (EP-A-0 012873; JPO. 62,096,086) and the A-factor gene (U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,684).Alternatively, leaders of non-yeast origin, such as an interferonleader, exist that also provide for secretion in yeast (EP-A-0 060 057).

A preferred class of secretion leaders are those that employ a fragmentof the yeast alpha-factor gene, which contains both a “pre” signalsequence, and a “pro” region. The types of alpha-factor fragments thatcan be employed include the full-length pre-pro alpha factor leader(about 83 amino acid residues) as well as truncated alpha-factor leaders(usually about 25 to about 50 amino acid residues) (U.S. Pat. Nos.4,546,083 and 4,870,008; EP-A-0 324 274). Additional leaders employingan alpha-factor leader fragment that provides for secretion includehybrid alpha-factor leaders made with a presequence of a first yeast,but a pro-region from a second yeast alphafactor. (eg. see WO 89/02463.)

Usually, transcription termination sequences recognized by yeast areregulatory regions located 3′ to the translation stop codon, and thustogether with the promoter flank the coding sequence. These sequencesdirect the transcription of an mRNA which can be translated into thepolypeptide encoded by the DNA. Examples of transcription terminatorsequence and other yeast-recognized termination sequences, such as thosecoding for glycolytic enzymes.

Usually, the above described components, comprising a promoter, leader(if desired), coding sequence of interest, and transcription terminationsequence, are put together into expression constructs. Expressionconstructs are often maintained in a replicon, such as anextrachromosomal element (eg. plasmids) capable of stable maintenance ina host, such as yeast or bacteria. The replicon may have two replicationsystems, thus allowing it to be maintained, for example, in yeast forexpression and in a prokaryotic host for cloning and amplification.Examples of such yeast-bacteria shuttle vectors include YEp24 [Botsteinet al. (1979) Gene 8:17-24], pCl/1 [Brake et al. (1984) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci USA 81:4642-4646], and YRp17 [Stinchcomb et al. (1982) J. Mol.Biol. 158:157]. In addition, a replicon may be either a high or low copynumber plasmid. A high copy number plasmid will generally have a copynumber ranging from about 5 to about 200, and usually about 10 to about150. A host containing a high copy number plasmid will preferably haveat least about 10, and more preferably at least about 20. Enter a highor low copy number vector may be selected, depending upon the effect ofthe vector and the foreign protein on the host. See eg. Brake et al.,supra.

Alternatively, the expression constructs can be integrated into theyeast genome with an integrating vector. Integrating vectors usuallycontain at least one sequence homologous to a yeast chromosome thatallows the vector to integrate, and preferably contain two homologoussequences flanking the expression construct. Integrations appear toresult from recombinations between homologous DNA in the vector and theyeast chromosome [Orr-Weaver et al. (1983) Methods in Enzymol.101:228-245]. An integrating vector may be directed to a specific locusin yeast by selecting the appropriate homologous sequence for inclusionin the vector. See Orr-Weaver et al., supra. One or more expressionconstruct may integrate, possibly affecting levels of recombinantprotein produced [Rine et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA80:6750]. The chromosomal sequences included in the vector can occureither as a single segment in the vector, which results in theintegration of the entire vector, or two segments homologous to adjacentsegments in the chromosome and flanking the expression construct in thevector, which can result in the stable integration of only theexpression construct.

Usually, extrachromosomal and integrating expression constructs maycontain selectable markers to allow for the selection of yeast strainsthat have been transformed. Selectable markers may include biosyntheticgenes that can be expressed in the yeast host, such as ADE2, HIS4, LEU2,TRP1, and ALG7, and the G418 resistance gene, which confer resistance inyeast cells to tunicamycin and G418, respectively. In addition, asuitable selectable marker may also provide yeast with the ability togrow in the presence of toxic compounds, such as metal. For example, thepresence of CUP1 allows yeast to grow in the presence of copper ions[Butt et al. (1987) Microbiol, Rev. 51:351].

Alternatively, some of the above described components can be puttogether into transformation vectors. Transformation vectors are usuallycomprised of a selectable marker that is either maintained in a repliconor developed into an integrating vector, as described above.

Expression and transformation vectors, either extrachromosomal repliconsor integrating vectors, have been developed for transformation into manyyeasts. For example, expression vectors have been developed for, interalia, the following yeasts: Candida albicans [Kurtz, et al. (1986) Mol.Cell. Biol. 6:142], Candida maltosa [Kunze, et al. (1985) J. BasicMicrobiol. 25:141]. Hansenula polymorpha [Gleeson, et al. (1986) J. Gen.Microbiol. 132:3459; Roggenkamp et al. (1986) Mol. Gen. Genet. 202:302],Kluyveromyces fragilis [Das, et al. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158:1165],Kluyveromyces lactis [De Louvencourt et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol.154:737; Van den Berg et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 8:135], Pichiaguillerimondii [Kunze et al. (1985) J. Basic Microbiol. 25:141], Pichiapastoris [Cregg, et al. (1985) Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3376; U.S. Pat. Nos.4,837,148 and 4,929,555], Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Hinnen et al. (1978)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:1929; Ito et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol.153:163], Schizosaccharomyces pombe [Beach and Nurse (1981) Nature300:706], and Yarrowia lipolytica [Davidow, et al. (1985) Curr. Genet.10:380471 Gaillardin, et al. (1985) Curr. Genet. 10:49].

Methods of introducing exogenous DNA into yeast hosts are well-known inthe art, and usually include either the transformation of spheroplastsor of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. Transformationprocedures usually vary with the yeast species to be transformed. Seeeg. [Kurtz et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:142; Kunze et al. (1985) J.Basic Microbiol. 25:141; Candida]; [Gleeson et al. (1986) J. Gen.Microbiol. 132:3459; Roggenkamp et al. (1986) Mol. Gen. Genet. 202:302;Hansenula]; [Das et al. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158:1165; De Louvencourt etal. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 154:1165; Van den Berg et al. (1990)Bio/Technology 8:135; Kluyveromyces]; [Cregg et al. (1985) Mol. Cell.Biol. 5:3376; Kunze et al. (1985) J. Basic Microbiol. 25:141; U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,837,148 and 4,929,555; Pichia]; [Hinnen et al. (1978) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 75;1929; Ito et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 153:163Saccharomyces]; [Beach and Nurse (1981) Nature 300:706;Schizosaccharomyces]; [Davidow et al. (1985) Curr. Genet. 10:39;Gaillardin et al. (1985) Curr. Genet. 10:49; Yarrowia].

Antibodies

As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to a polypeptide or group ofpolypeptides composed of at least one antibody combining site. An“antibody combining site” is the three-dimensional binding space with aninternal surface shape and charge distribution complementary to thefeatures of an epitope of an antigen, which allows a binding of theantibody with the antigen. “Antibody” includes, for example, vertebrateantibodies, hybrid antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanisedantibodies, altered antibodies, univalent antibodies, Fab proteins, andsingle domain antibodies.

Antibodies against the proteins of the invention are useful for affinitychromatography, immunoassays, and distinguishing/identifyingStaphylococcus proteins.

Antibodies to the proteins of the invention, both polyclonal andmonoclonal, may be prepared by conventional methods. In general, theprotein is first used to immunize a suitable animal, preferably a mouse,rat, rabbit or goat. Rabbits and goats are preferred for the preparationof polyclonal sera due to the volume of serum obtainable, and theavailability of labeled anti-rabbit and anti-goat antibodies.Immunization is generally performed by mixing or emulsifying the proteinin saline, preferably in an adjuvant such as Freund's complete adjuvant,and injecting the mixture or emulsion parenterally (generallysubcutaneously or intramuscularly). A dose of 50-200 μg/injection istypically sufficient. Immunization is generally boosted 2-6 weeks laterwith one or more injections of the protein in saline, preferably usingFreund's incomplete adjuvant. One may alternatively generate antibodiesby in vitro immunization using methods known in the art, which for thepurposes of this invention is considered equivalent to in vivoimmunization. Polyclonal antisera is obtained by bleeding the immunizedanimal into a glass or plastic container, incubating the blood at 25° C.for one hour, followed by incubating at 4° C. for 2-18 hours. The serumis recovered by centrifugation (eg. 1,000 g for 10 minutes). About 20-50ml per bleed may be obtained from rabbits.

Monoclonal antibodies are prepared using the standard method of Kohler &Milstein [Nature (1975) 256:495-96], or a modification thereof.Typically, a mouse or rat is immunized as described above. However,rather than bleeding the animal to extract serum, the spleen (andoptionally several large lymph nodes) is removed and dissociated intosingle cells. If desired, the spleen cells may be screened (afterremoval of nonspecifically adherent cells) by applying a cell suspensionto a plate or well coated with the protein antigen. B-cells expressingmembrane-bound immunoglobulin specific for the antigen bind to theplate, and are not rinsed away with the rest of the suspension.Resulting B-cells, or all dissociated spleen cells, are then induced tofuse with myeloma cells to form hybridomas, and are cultured in aselective medium (eg. hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine medium,“HAT”). The resulting hybridomas are plated by limiting dilution, andare assayed for production of antibodies which bind specifically to theimmunizing antigen (and which do not bind to unrelated antigens). Theselected MAb-secreting hybridomas are then cultured either in vitro (eg.in tissue culture bottles or hollow fiber reactors), or in vivo (asascites in mice).

If desired, the antibodies (whether polyclonal or monoclonal) may belabeled using conventional techniques. Suitable labels includefluorophores, chromophores, radioactive atoms (particularly ³²P and¹²⁵I), electron-dense reagents, enzymes, and ligands having specificbinding partners. Enzymes are typically detected by their activity. Forexample, horseradish peroxidase is usually detected by its ability toconvert 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue pigment,quantifiable with a spectrophotometer. “Specific binding partner” refersto a protein capable of binding a ligand molecule with high specificity,as for example in the case of an antigen and a monoclonal antibodyspecific therefor. Other specific binding partners include biotin andavidin or streptavidin, IgG and protein A, and the numerousreceptor-ligand couples known in the art. It should be understood thatthe above description is not meant to categorize the various labels intodistinct classes, as the same label may serve in several differentmodes. For example, ¹²⁵I may serve as a radioactive label or as anelectron-dense reagent. HRP may serve as enzyme or as antigen for a MAb.Further, one may combine various labels for desired effect. For example,MAbs and avidin also require labels in the practice of this invention:thus, one might label a MAb with biotin, and detect its presence withavidin labeled with ¹²⁵I, or with an anti-biotin MAb labeled with HRP.Other permutations and possibilities will be readily apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art, and are considered as equivalents withinthe scope of the instant invention.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Pharmaceutical compositions can comprise either polypeptides,antibodies, or nucleic acid of the invention. The pharmaceuticalcompositions will comprise a therapeutically effective amount of eitherpolypeptides, antibodies, or polynucleotides of the claimed invention.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to anamount of a therapeutic agent to treat, ameliorate, or prevent a desireddisease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic orpreventative effect. The effect can be detected by, for example,chemical markers or antigen levels. Therapeutic effects also includereduction in physical symptoms, such as decreased body temperature. Theprecise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject'ssize and health, the nature and extent of the condition, and thetherapeutics or combination of therapeutics selected for administration.Thus, it is not useful to specify an exact effective amount in advance.However, the effective amount for a given situation can be determined byroutine experimentation and is within the judgement of the clinician.

For purposes of the present invention, an effective dose will be fromabout 0.01 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg or 0.05 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the DNAconstructs in the individual to which it is administered.

A pharmaceutical composition can also contain a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier”refers to a carrier for administration of a therapeutic agent, such asantibodies or a polypeptide, genes, and other therapeutic agents. Theterm refers to any pharmaceutical carrier that does not itself inducethe production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving thecomposition, and which may be administered without undue toxicity.Suitable carriers may be large, slowly metabolized macromolecules suchas proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids,polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and inactive virusparticles. Such carriers are well known to those of ordinary skill inthe art.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be used therein, for example,mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates,sulfates, and the like; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates,propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like. A thorough discussionof pharmaceutically acceptable excipients is available in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Pub. Co., N.J. 1991).

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers in therapeutic compositions maycontain liquids such as water, saline, glycerol and ethanol.Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifyingagents, pH buffering substances, and the like, may be present in suchvehicles. Typically, the therapeutic compositions are prepared asinjectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid formssuitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior toinjection may also be prepared. Liposomes are included within thedefinition of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Delivery Methods

Once formulated, the compositions of the invention can be administereddirectly to the subject. The subjects to be treated can be animals; inparticular, human subjects can be treated.

Direct delivery of the compositions will generally be accomplished byinjection, either subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously orintramuscularly or delivered to the interstitial space of a tissue. Thecompositions can also be administered into a lesion. Other modes ofadministration include oral and pulmonary administration, suppositories,and transdermal or transcutaneous applications (eg. see WO98/20734),needles, and gene guns or hyposprays. Dosage treatment may be a singledose schedule or a multiple dose schedule.

Vaccines

Vaccines according to the invention may either be prophylactic (ie. toprevent infection) or therapeutic (ie. to treat disease afterinfection).

Such vaccines comprise immunising antigen(s), immunogen(s),polypeptide(s), protein(s) or nucleic acid, usually in combination with“pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,” which include any carrier thatdoes not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to theindividual receiving the composition. Suitable carriers are typicallylarge, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins,polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric aminoacids, amino acid copolymers, lipid aggregates (such as oil droplets orliposomes), and inactive virus particles. Such carriers are well knownto those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, these carriers mayfunction as immunostimulating agents (“adjuvants”). Furthermore, theantigen or immunogen may be conjugated to a bacterial toxoid, such as atoxoid from diphtheria, tetanus, cholera, H. pylori, etc. pathogens.

Preferred adjuvants to enhance effectiveness of the composition include,but are not limited to: (1) aluminum salts (alum), such as aluminumhydroxide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate, etc; (2) oil-in-wateremulsion formulations (with or without other specific immunostimulatingagents such as muramyl peptides (see below) or bacterial cell wallcomponents), such as for example (a) MF59™ (WO 90/14837; Chapter 10 inVaccine design: the subunit and adjuvant approach, eds. Powell & Newman,Plenum Press 1995), containing 5% Squalene, 0.5% Tween 80, and 0.5% Span85 (optionally containing various amounts of MTP-PE (see below),although not required) formulated into submicron particles using amicrofluidizer such as Model 110Y microfluidizer (Microfluidics, Newton,Mass.), (b) SAF, containing 10% Squalane, 0.4% Tween 80, 5%pluronic-blocked polymer L121, and thr-MDP (see below) eithermicrofluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexed to generate alarger particle size emulsion, and (c) Ribi™ adjuvant system (RAS),(Ribi Immunochem, Hamilton, Mont.) containing 2% Squalene, 0.2% Tween80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components from the groupconsisting of monophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM),and cell wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (Detox™); (3) saponinadjuvants, such as Stimulon™ (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, Mass.)may be used or particles generated therefrom such as ISCOMs(immunostimulating complexes); (4) Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) andIncomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA); (5) cytokines, such as interleukins(eg. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, etc.), interferons (eg.gamma interferon), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumornecrosis factor (TNF), etc; and (6) other substances that act asimmunostimulating agents to enhance the effectiveness of thecomposition. Alum and MF59™ are preferred.

As mentioned above, muramyl peptides include, but are not limited to,N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP),N-acetyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (nor-MDP),N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-p-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-(1′-2′-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine(MTP-PE), etc.

The immunogenic compositions (eg. the immunisingantigen/immunogen/polypeptide/protein/nucleic acid, pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, and adjuvant) typically will contain diluents, suchas water, saline, glycerol, ethanol, etc. Additionally, auxiliarysubstances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH bufferingsubstances, and the like, may be present in such vehicles.

Typically, the immunogenic compositions are prepared as injectables,either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable forsolution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection mayalso be prepared. The preparation also may be emulsified or encapsulatedin liposomes for enhanced adjuvant effect, as discussed above underpharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

Immunogenic compositions used as vaccines comprise an immunologicallyeffective amount of the antigenic or immunogenic polypeptides, as wellas any other of the above-mentioned components, as needed. By“immunologically effective amount”, it is meant that the administrationof that amount to an individual, either in a single dose or as part of aseries, is effective for treatment or prevention. This amount variesdepending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to betreated, the taxonomic group of individual to be treated (eg. nonhumanprimate, primate, etc.), the capacity of the individual's immune systemto synthesize antibodies, the degree of protection desired, theformulation of the vaccine, the treating doctor's assessment of themedical situation, and other relevant factors. It is expected that theamount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determinedthrough routine trials.

The immunogenic compositions are conventionally administeredparenterally, eg. by injection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly,or transdermally/transcutaneously (eg. WO98/20734). Additionalformulations suitable for other modes of administration include oral andpulmonary formulations, suppositories, and transdermal applications.Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple doseschedule. The vaccine may be administered in conjunction with otherimmunoregulatory agents.

As an alternative to protein-based vaccines, DNA vaccination may be used[eg. Robinson & Torres (1997) Seminars in Immunol 9:271-283; Donnelly etal. (1997) Annu Rev Immunol 15:617-648; later herein].

Gene Delivery Vehicles

Gene therapy vehicles for delivery of constructs including a codingsequence of a therapeutic of the invention, to be delivered to themammal for expression in the mammal, can be administered either locallyor systemically. These constructs can utilize viral or non-viral vectorapproaches in in vivo or ex vivo modality. Expression of such codingsequence can be induced using endogenous mammalian or heterologouspromoters. Expression of the coding sequence in vivo can be eitherconstitutive or regulated.

The invention includes gene delivery vehicles capable of expressing thecontemplated nucleic acid sequences. The gene delivery vehicle ispreferably a viral vector and, more preferably, a retroviral,adenoviral, adeno-associated viral (AAV), herpes viral, or alphavirusvector. The viral vector can also be an astrovirus, coronavirus,orthomyxovirus, papovavirus, paramyxovirus, parvovirus, picornavirus,poxvirus, or togavirus viral vector. See generally, Jolly (1994) CancerGene Therapy 1:51-64; Kimura (1994) Human Gene Therapy 5:845-852;Connelly (1995) Human Gene Therapy 6:185-193; and Kaplitt (1994) NatureGenetics 6:148-153.

Retroviral vectors are well known in the art and we contemplate that anyretroviral gene therapy vector is employable in the invention, includingB, C and D type retroviruses, xenotropic retroviruses (for example,NZB-X1, NZB-X2 and NZB9-1 (see O'Neill (1985) J. Virol. 53:160)polytropic retroviruses eg. MCF and MCF-MLV (see Kelly (1983) J. Virol.45:291), spumaviruses and lentiviruses. See RNA Tumor Viruses, SecondEdition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1985.

Portions of the retroviral gene therapy vector may be derived fromdifferent retroviruses. For example, retrovector LTRs may be derivedfrom a Murine Sarcoma Virus, a tRNA binding site from a Rous SarcomaVirus, a packaging signal from a Murine Leukemia Virus, and an origin ofsecond strand synthesis from an Avian Leukosis Virus.

These recombinant retroviral vectors may be used to generatetransduction competent retroviral vector particles by introducing theminto appropriate packaging cell lines (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,624).Retrovirus vectors can be constructed for site-specific integration intohost cell DNA by incorporation of a chimeric integrase enzyme into theretroviral particle (see WO96/37626). It is preferable that therecombinant viral vector is a replication defective recombinant virus.

Packaging cell lines suitable for use with the above-describedretrovirus vectors are well known in the art, are readily prepared (seeWO95/30763 and WO92/05266), and can be used to create producer celllines (also termed vector cell lines or “VCLs”) for the production ofrecombinant vector particles. Preferably, the packaging cell lines aremade from human parent cells (eg. HT1080 cells) or mink parent celllines, which eliminates inactivation in human serum.

Preferred retroviruses for the construction of retroviral gene therapyvectors include Avian Leukosis Virus, Bovine Leukemia, Virus, MurineLeukemia Virus, Mink-Cell Focus-Inducing Virus, Murine Sarcoma Virus,Reticuloendotheliosis Virus and Rous Sarcoma Virus. Particularlypreferred Murine Leukemia Viruses include 4070A and 1504A (Hartley andRowe (1976) J Virol 19:19-25), Abelson (ATCC No. VR-999), Friend (ATCCNo. VR-245), Graffi, Gross (ATCC Nol VR-590), Kirsten, Harvey SarcomaVirus and Rauscher (ATCC No. VR-998) and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus(ATCC No. VR-190). Such retroviruses may be obtained from depositoriesor collections such as the American Type Culture Collection (“ATCC”) inRockville, Md. or isolated from known sources using commonly availabletechniques.

Exemplary known retroviral gene therapy vectors employable in thisinvention include those described in patent applications GB2200651,EP0415731, EP0345242, EP0334301, WO89/02468; WO89/05349, WO89/09271,WO90/02806, WO90/07936, WO94/03622, WO93/25698, WO93/25234, WO93/11230,WO93/10218, WO91/02805, WO91/02825, WO95/07994, U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,740,U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,712, U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,719, U.S. Pat. No.4,980,289, U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,127, U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,624. See alsoVile (1993) Cancer Res 53:3860-3864; Vile (1993) Cancer Res 53:962-967;Ram (1993) Cancer Res 53 (1993) 83-88; Takamiya (1992) J Neurosci Res33:493-503; Baba (1993) J Neurosurg 79:729-735; Mann (1983) Cell 33:153;Cane (1984) Proc Natl Acad Sci 81:6349; and Miller (1990) Human GeneTherapy 1.

Human adenoviral gene therapy vectors are also known in the art andemployable in this invention. See, for example, Berkner (1988)Biotechniques 6:616 and Rosenfeld (1991) Science 252:431, andWO93/07283, WO93/06223, and WO93/07282. Exemplary known adenoviral genetherapy vectors employable in this invention include those described inthe above referenced documents and in WO94/12649, WO93/03769,WO93/19191, WO94/28938, WO95/11984, WO95/00655, WO95/27071, WO95/29993,WO95/34671, WO96/05320, WO94/08026, WO94/11506, WO93/06223, WO94/24299,WO95/14102, WO95/24297, WO95/02697, WO94/28152, WO94/24299, WO95/09241,WO95/25807, WO95/05835, WO94/18922 and WO95/09654. Alternatively,administration of DNA linked to killed adenovirus as described in Curiel(1992) Hum. Gene Ther. 3:147-154 may be employed. The gene deliveryvehicles of the invention also include adenovirus associated virus (AAV)vectors. Leading and preferred examples of such vectors for use in thisinvention are the AAV-2 based vectors disclosed in Srivastava,WO93/09239. Most preferred AAV vectors comprise the two AAV invertedterminal repeats in which the native D-sequences are modified bysubstitution of nucleotides, such that at least 5 native nucleotides andup to 18 native nucleotides, preferably at least 10 native nucleotidesup to 18 native nucleotides, most preferably 10 native nucleotides areretained and the remaining nucleotides of the D-sequence are deleted orreplaced with non-native nucleotides. The native D-sequences of the AAVinverted terminal repeats are sequences of 20 consecutive nucleotides ineach AAV inverted terminal repeat (ie. there is one sequence at eachend) which are not involved in HP formation. The non-native replacementnucleotide may be any nucleotide other than the nucleotide found in thenative D-sequence in the same position. Other employable exemplary AAVvectors are pWP-19, pWN-1, both of which are disclosed in Nahreini(1993) Gene 124:257-262. Another example of such an AAV vector ispsub201 (see Samulski (1987) J. Virol. 61:3096). Another exemplary AAVvector is the Double-D ITR vector. Construction of the Double-D ITRvector is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,745. Still other vectors arethose disclosed in Carter U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368 and Muzyczka U.S. Pat.No. 5,139,941, Chartejee U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,935, and Kotin WO94/288157.Yet a further example of an AAV vector employable in this invention isSSV9AFABTKneo, which contains the AFP enhancer and albumin promoter anddirects expression predominantly in the liver. Its structure andconstruction are disclosed in Su (1996) Human Gene Therapy 7:463-470.Additional AAV gene therapy vectors are described in U.S. Pat. No.5,354,678, U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,414, U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941, and U.S.Pat. No. 5,252,479.

The gene therapy vectors of the invention also include herpes vectors.Leading and preferred examples are herpes simplex virus vectorscontaining a sequence encoding a thymidine kinase polypeptide such asthose disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,641 and EP0176170 (Roizman).Additional exemplary herpes simplex virus vectors include HFEM/ICP6-LacZdisclosed in WO95/04139 (Wistar Institute), pHSVlac described in Geller(1988) Science 241:1667-1669 and in WO90/09441 and WO92/07945, HSVUs3::pgC-lacZ described in Fink (1992) Human Gene Therapy 3:11-19 andHSV 7134, 2 RH 105 and GAL4 described in EP 0453242 (Breakefield), andthose deposited with the ATCC with accession numbers VR-977 and VR-260.

Also contemplated are alpha virus gene therapy vectors that can beemployed in this invention. Preferred alpha virus vectors are Sindbisviruses vectors. Togaviruses, Semliki Forest virus (ATCC VR-67; ATCCVR-1247), Middleberg virus (ATCC VR-370), Ross River virus (ATCC VR-373;ATCC VR-1246), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (ATCC VR923; ATCCVR-1250; ATCC VR-1249; ATCC VR-532), and those described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,091,309, 5,217,879, and WO92/10578. More particularly, thosealpha virus vectors described in U.S. Ser. No. 08/405,627, filed Mar.15, 1995, WO94/21792, WO92/10578, WO95/07994, U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,309and U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,879 are employable. Such alpha viruses may beobtained from depositories or collections such as the ATCC in Rockville,Md. or isolated from known sources using commonly available techniques.Preferably, alphavirus vectors with reduced cytotoxicity are used (seeU.S. Ser. No. 08/679640).

DNA vector systems such as eukaryotic layered expression systems arealso useful for expressing the nucleic acids of the invention. SeeWO95/07994 for a detailed description of eukaryotic layered expressionsystems. Preferably, the eukaryotic layered expression systems of theinvention are derived from alphavirus vectors and most preferably fromSindbis viral vectors.

Other viral vectors suitable for use in the present invention includethose derived from poliovirus, for example ATCC VR-58 and thosedescribed in Evans, Nature 339 (1989) 385 and Sabin (1973) J. Biol.Standardization 1:115; rhinovirus, for example ATCC VR-1110 and thosedescribed in Arnold (1990) J Cell Biochem L401; pox viruses such ascanary pox virus or vaccinia virus, for example ATCC VR-111 and ATCCVR-2010 and those described in Fisher-Hoch (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci86:317; Flexner (1989) Ann NY Acad Sci 569:86, Flexner (1990) Vaccine8:17; in U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,112 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,330 andWO89/01973; SV40 virus, for example ATCC VR-305 and those described inMulligan (1979) Nature 277:108 and Madzak (1992) J Gen Virol 73:1533;influenza virus, for example ATCC VR-797 and recombinant influenzaviruses made employing reverse genetics techniques as described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,166,057 and in Enami (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci 87:3802-3805;Enami & Palese (1991) J Virol 65:2711-2713 and Luytjes (1989) Cell59:110, (see also McMichael (1983) NEJ Med 309:13, and Yap (1978) Nature273:238 and Nature (1979) 277:108); human immunodeficiency virus asdescribed in EP-0386882 and in Buchschacher (1992) J. Virol. 66:2731;measles virus, for example ATCC VR-67 and VR-1247 and those described inEP-0440219; Aura virus, for example ATCC VR-368; Bebaru virus, forexample ATCC VR-600 and ATCC VR-1240; Cabassou virus, for example ATCCVR-922; Chikungunya virus, for example ATCC VR-64 and ATCC VR-1241; FortMorgan Virus, for example ATCC VR-924; Getah virus, for example ATCCVR-369 and ATCC VR-1243; Kyzylagach virus, for example ATCC VR-927;Mayaro virus, for example ATCC VR-66; Mucambo virus, for example ATCCVR-580 and ATCC VR-1244; Ndumu virus, for example ATCC VR-371; Pixunavirus, for example ATCC VR-372 and ATCC VR-1245; Tonate virus, forexample ATCC VR-925; Triniti virus, for example ATCC VR-469; Una virus,for example ATCC VR-374; Whataroa virus, for example ATCC VR-926;Y-62-33 virus, for example ATCC VR-375; O'Nyong virus, Easternencephalitis virus, for example ATCC VR-65 and ATCC VR-1242; Westernencephalitis virus, for example ATCC VR-70, ATCC VR-1251, ATCC VR-622and ATCC VR-1252; and coronavirus, for example ATCC VR-740 and thosedescribed in Hamre (1966) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 121:190.

Delivery of the compositions of this invention into cells is not limitedto the above mentioned viral vectors. Other delivery methods and mediamay be employed such as, for example, nucleic acid expression vectors,polycationic condensed DNA linked or unlinked to killed adenovirusalone, for example see U.S. Ser. No. 08/366,787, filed Dec. 30, 1994 andCuriel (1992) Hum Gene Ther 3:147-154 ligand linked DNA, for example seeWu (1989) J Biol Chem 264:16985-16987, eucaryotic cell delivery vehiclescells, for example see U.S. Ser. No. 08/240,030, filed May 9, 1994, andU.S. Ser. No. 08/404,796, deposition of photopolymerized hydrogelmaterials, hand-held gene transfer particle gun, as described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,149,655, ionizing radiation as described in U.S. Pat. No.5,206,152 and in WO92/11033, nucleic charge neutralization or fusionwith cell membranes. Additional approaches are described in Philip(1994) Mol Cell Biol 14:2411-2418 and in Woffendin (1994) Proc Natl AcadSci 91:1581-1585.

Particle mediated gene transfer may be employed, for example see U.S.Ser. No. 60/023,867. Briefly, the sequence can be inserted intoconventional vectors that contain conventional control sequences forhigh level expression, and then incubated with synthetic gene transfermolecules such as polymeric DNA-binding cations like polylysine,protamine, and albumin, linked to cell targeting ligands such asasialoorosomucoid, as described in Wu & Wu (1987) J. Biol. Chem.262:4429-4432, insulin as described in Hucked (1990) Biochem Pharmacol40:253-263, galactose as described in Plank (1992) Bioconjugate Chem3:533-539, lactose or transferrin.

Naked DNA may also be employed. Exemplary naked DNA introduction methodsare described in WO 90/11092 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,859. Uptakeefficiency may be improved using biodegradable latex beads. DNA coatedlatex beads are efficiently transported into cells after endocytosisinitiation by the beads. The method may be improved further by treatmentof the beads to increase hydrophobicity and thereby facilitatedisruption of the endosome and release of the DNA into the cytoplasm.

Liposomes that can act as gene delivery vehicles are described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,422,120, WO95/13796, WO94/23697, WO91/14445 and EP-524,968.As described in U.S. Ser. No. 60/023,867, on non-viral delivery, thenucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide can be inserted intoconventional vectors that contain conventional control sequences forhigh level expression, and then be incubated with synthetic genetransfer molecules such as polymeric DNA-binding cations likepolylysine, protamine, and albumin, linked to cell targeting ligandssuch as asialoorosomucoid, insulin, galactose, lactose, or transferrin.Other delivery systems include the use of liposomes to encapsulate DNAcomprising the gene under the control of a variety of tissue-specific orubiquitously-active promoters. Further non-viral delivery suitable foruse includes mechanical delivery systems such as the approach describedin Woffendin et al (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91(24):11581-11585.Moreover, the coding sequence and the product of expression of such canbe delivered through deposition of photopolymerized hydrogel materials.Other conventional methods for gene delivery that can be used fordelivery of the coding sequence include, for example, use of hand-heldgene transfer particle gun, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,655; useof ionizing radiation for activating transferred gene, as described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,206,152 and WO92/11033

Exemplary liposome and polycationic gene delivery vehicles are thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,422,120 and 4,762,915; in WO 95/13796;WO94/23697; and WO91/14445; in EP-0524968; and in Stryer, Biochemistry,pages 236-240 (1975) W. H. Freeman, San Francisco; Szoka (1980) BiochemBiophys Acta 600:1; Bayer (1979) Biochem Biophys Acta 550:464; Rivnay(1987) Meth Enzymol 149:119; Wang (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci 84:7851;Plant (1989) Anal Biochem 176:420.

A polynucleotide composition can comprises therapeutically effectiveamount of a gene therapy vehicle, as the term is defined above. Forpurposes of the present invention, an effective dose will be from about0.01 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg or 0.05 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the DNAconstructs in the individual to which it is administered.

Delivery Methods

Once formulated, the polynucleotide compositions of the invention can beadministered (1) directly to the subject; (2) delivered ex vivo, tocells derived from the subject; or (3) in vitro for expression ofrecombinant proteins. The subjects to be treated can be mammals orbirds. Also, human subjects can be treated.

Direct delivery of the compositions will generally be accomplished byinjection, either subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously orintramuscularly or delivered to the interstitial space of a tissue. Thecompositions can also be administered into a lesion. Other modes ofadministration include oral and pulmonary administration, suppositories,and transdermal or transcutaneous applications (eg. see WO98/20734),needles, and gene guns or hyposprays. Dosage treatment may be a singledose schedule or a multiple dose schedule.

Methods for the ex vivo delivery and reimplantation of transformed cellsinto a subject are known in the art and described in eg. WO93/14778.Examples of cells useful in ex vivo applications include, for example,stem cells, particularly hematopoetic, lymph cells, macrophages,dendritic cells, or tumor cells.

Generally, delivery of nucleic acids for both ex vivo and in vitroapplications can be accomplished by the following procedures, forexample, dextran-mediated transfection, calcium phosphate precipitation,polybrene mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation,encapsulation of the polynucleotide(s) in liposomes, and directmicroinjection of the DNA into nuclei, all well known in the art.

Polynucleotide and Polypeptide Pharmaceutical Compositions

In addition to the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and saltsdescribed above, the following additional agents can be used withpolynucleotide and/or polypeptide compositions.

A. Polypeptides

One example are polypeptides which include, without limitation:asioloorosomucoid (ASOR); transferrin; asialoglycoproteins; antibodies;antibody fragments; ferritin; interleukins; interferons, granulocyte,macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colonystimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor(M-CSF), stem cell factor and erythropoietin. Viral antigens, such asenvelope proteins, can also be used. Also, proteins from other invasiveorganisms, such as the 17 amino acid peptide from the circumsporozoiteprotein of plasmodium falciparum known as RH.

B. Hormones, Vitamins, Etc.

Other groups that can be included are, for example: hormones, steroids,androgens, estrogens, thyroid hormone, or vitamins, folic acid.

C. Polyalkylenes, Polysaccharides, etc.

Also, polyalkylene glycol can be included with the desiredpolynucleotides/polypeptides. In a preferred embodiment, thepolyalkylene glycol is polyethlylene glycol. In addition, mono-, di-, orpolysaccharides can be included. In a preferred embodiment of thisaspect, the polysaccharide is dextran or DEAE-dextran. Also, chitosanand poly(lactide-co-glycolide)

D. Lipids, and Liposomes

The desired polynucleotide/polypeptide can also be encapsulated inlipids or packaged in liposomes prior to delivery to the subject or tocells derived therefrom.

Lipid encapsulation is generally accomplished using liposomes which areable to stably bind or entrap and retain nucleic acid. The ratio ofcondensed polynucleotide to lipid preparation can vary but willgenerally be around 1:1 (mg DNA:micromoles lipid), or more of lipid. Fora review of the use of liposomes as carriers for delivery of nucleicacids, see, Hug and Sleight (1991) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1097:1-17;Straubinger (1983) Meth. Enzymol. 101:512-527.

Liposomal preparations for use in the present invention include cationic(positively charged), anionic (negatively charged) and neutralpreparations. Cationic liposomes have been shown to mediateintracellular delivery of plasmid DNA (Feigner (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 84:7413-7416); mRNA (Malone (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA86:6077-6081); and purified transcription factors (Debs (1990) J. Biol.Chem. 265:10189-10192), in functional form.

Cationic liposomes are readily available. For example,N[1-2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-triethylammonium (DOTMA) liposomes areavailable under the trademark Lipofectin, from GIBCO BRL, Grand Island,N.Y. (See, also, Feigner supra). Other commercially available liposomesinclude transfectace (DDAB/DOPE) and DOTAP/DOPE (Boerhinger). Othercationic liposomes can be prepared from readily available materialsusing techniques well known in the art. See, eg. Szoka (1978) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:4194-4198; WO90/11092 for a description of thesynthesis of DOTAP (1,2-bis(oleoyloxy)-3-(trimethylammonio)propane)liposomes.

Similarly, anionic and neutral liposomes are readily available, such asfrom Avanti Polar Lipids (Birmingham, Ala.), or can be easily preparedusing readily available materials. Such materials include phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dioleoylphosphatidyl glycerol (DOPG),dioleoylphoshatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE), among others. These materialscan also be mixed with the DOTMA and DOTAP starting materials inappropriate ratios. Methods for making liposomes using these materialsare well known in the art.

The liposomes can comprise multilammelar vesicles (MLVs), smallunilamellar vesicles (SUVs), or large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). Thevarious liposome-nucleic acid complexes are prepared using methods knownin the art. See eg. Straubinger (1983) Meth. Immunol. 101:512-527; Szoka(1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:4194-4198; Papahadjopoulos (1975)Biochim. Biophys. Acta 394:483; Wilson (1979) Cell 17:77); Deamer &Bangham (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 443:629; Ostro (1977) Biochem.Biophys. Res. Commun. 76:836; Fraley (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA76:3348); Enoch & Strittmatter (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:145;Fraley (1980) J. Biol. Chem. (1980) 255:10431; Szoka & Papahadjopoulos(1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:145; and Schaefer-Ridder (1982)Science 215:166.

E. Lipoproteins

In addition, lipoproteins can be included with thepolynucleotide/polypeptide to be delivered. Examples of lipoproteins tobe utilized include: chylomicrons, HDL, IDL, LDL, and VLDL. Mutants,fragments, or fusions of these proteins can also be used. Also,modifications of naturally occurring lipoproteins can be used, such asacetylated LDL. These lipoproteins can target the delivery ofpolynucleotides to cells expressing lipoprotein receptors. Preferably,if lipoproteins are including with the polynucleotide to be delivered,no other targeting ligand is included in the composition.

Naturally occurring lipoproteins comprise a lipid and a protein portion.The protein portion are known as apoproteins. At the present,apoproteins A, B, C, D, and E have been isolated and identified. Atleast two of these contain several proteins, designated by Romannumerals, AI, AII, AIV; CI, CII, CIII.

A lipoprotein can comprise more than one apoprotein. For example,naturally occurring chylomicrons comprises of A, B, C & E, over timethese lipoproteins lose A and acquire C & E. VLDL comprises A, B, C & Eapoproteins, LDL comprises apoprotein B; and HDL comprises apoproteinsA, C, & E.

The amino acid of these apoproteins are known and are described in, forexample, Breslow (1985) Annu Rev. Biochem 54:699; Law (1986) Adv. ExpMed. Biol. 151:162; Chen (1986) J Biol Chem 261:12918; Kane (1980) ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 77:2465; and Utermann (1984) Hum Genet 65:232.

Lipoproteins contain a variety of lipids including, triglycerides,cholesterol (free and esters), and phospholipids. The composition of thelipids varies in naturally occurring lipoproteins. For example,chylomicrons comprise mainly triglycerides. A more detailed descriptionof the lipid content of naturally occurring lipoproteins can be found,for example, in Meth. Enzymol. 128 (1986). The composition of the lipidsare chosen to aid in conformation of the apoprotein for receptor bindingactivity. The composition of lipids can also be chosen to facilitatehydrophobic interaction and association with the polynucleotide bindingmolecule.

Naturally occurring lipoproteins can be isolated from serum byultracentrifugation, for instance. Such methods are described in Meth.Enzymol. (supra); Pitas (1980) J. Biochem. 255:5454-5460 and Mahey(1979) J Clin. Invest 64:743-750. Lipoproteins can also be produced byin vitro or recombinant methods by expression of the apoprotein genes ina desired host cell. See, for example, Atkinson (1986) Annu Rev BiophysChem 15:403 and Radding (1958) Biochim Biophys Acta 30: 443.Lipoproteins can also be purchased from commercial suppliers, such asBiomedical Techniologies, Inc., Stoughton, Mass., USA. Furtherdescription of lipoproteins can be found in WO98/06437.

F. Polycationic Agents

Polycationic agents can be included, with or without lipoprotein, in acomposition with the desired polynucleotide/polypeptide to be delivered.

Polycationic agents, typically, exhibit a net positive charge atphysiological relevant pH and are capable of neutralizing the electricalcharge of nucleic acids to facilitate delivery to a desired location.These agents have both in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo applications.Polycationic agents can be used to deliver nucleic acids to a livingsubject either intramuscularly, subcutaneously, etc.

The following are examples of useful polypeptides as polycationicagents: polylysine, polyarginine, polyornithine, and protamine. Otherexamples include histones, protamines, human serum albumin, DNA bindingproteins, non-histone chromosomal proteins, coat proteins from DNAviruses, such as (X174, transcriptional factors also contain domainsthat bind DNA and therefore may be useful as nucleic aid condensingagents. Briefly, transcriptional factors such as C/CEBP, c-jun, c-fos,AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, CPF, Prot-1, Sp-1, Oct-1, Oct-2, CREP, and TFIIDcontain basic domains that bind DNA sequences.

Organic polycationic agents include: spermine, spermidine, andpurtrescine.

The dimensions and of the physical properties of a polycationic agentcan be extrapolated from the list above, to construct other polypeptidepolycationic agents or to produce synthetic polycationic agents.

Synthetic polycationic agents which are useful include, for example,DEAE-dextran, polybrene. Lipofectin™, and lipofectAMINE™ are monomersthat form polycationic complexes when combined withpolynucleotides/polypeptides.

Immunodiagnostic Assays

Staphylococcus antigens of the invention can be used in immunoassays todetect antibody levels (or, conversely, anti-Staphylococcus antibodiescan be used to detect antigen levels). Immunoassays based on welldefined, recombinant antigens can be developed to replace invasivediagnostics methods. Antibodies to Staphylococcus proteins withinbiological samples, including for example, blood or serum samples, canbe detected. Design of the immunoassays is subject to a great deal ofvariation, and a variety of these are known in the art. Protocols forthe immunoassay may be based, for example, upon competition, or directreaction, or sandwich type assays. Protocols may also, for example, usesolid supports, or may be by immunoprecipitation. Most assays involvethe use of labeled antibody or polypeptide; the labels may be, forexample, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, radioactive, or dye molecules.Assays which amplify the signals from the probe are also known; examplesof which are assays which utilize biotin and avidin, and enzyme-labeledand mediated immunoassays, such as ELISA assays.

Kits suitable for immunodiagnosis and containing the appropriate labeledreagents are constructed by packaging the appropriate materials,including the compositions of the invention, in suitable containers,along with the remaining reagents and materials (for example, suitablebuffers, salt solutions, etc.) required for the conduct of the assay, aswell as suitable set of assay instructions.

Nucleic Acid Hybridisation

“Hybridization” refers to the association of two nucleic acid sequencesto one another by hydrogen bonding. Typically, one sequence will befixed to a solid support and the other will be free in solution. Then,the two sequences will be placed in contact with one another underconditions that favor hydrogen bonding. Factors that affect this bondinginclude: the type and volume of solvent; reaction temperature; time ofhybridization; agitation; agents to block the non-specific attachment ofthe liquid phase sequence to the solid support (Denhardt's reagent orBLOTTO); concentration of the sequences; use of compounds to increasethe rate of association of sequences (dextran sulfate or polyethyleneglycol); and the stringency of the washing conditions followinghybridization. See Sambrook et al. [supra] Volume 2, chapter 9, pages9.47 to 9.57.

“Stringency” refers to conditions in a hybridization reaction that favorassociation of very similar sequences over sequences that differ. Forexample, the combination of temperature and salt concentration should bechosen that is approximately 120 to 200° C. below the calculated Tm ofthe hybrid under study. The temperature and salt conditions can often bedetermined empirically in preliminary experiments in which samples ofgenomic DNA immobilized on filters are hybridized to the sequence ofinterest and then washed under conditions of different stringencies. SeeSambrook et al. at page 9.50.

Variables to consider when performing, for example, a Southern blot are(1) the complexity of the DNA being blotted and (2) the homology betweenthe probe and the sequences being detected. The total amount of thefragment(s) to be studied can vary a magnitude of 10, from 0.1 to 1 μgfor a plasmid or phage digest to 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁸ g for a single copy genein a highly complex eukaryotic genome. For lower complexitypolynucleotides, substantially shorter blotting, hybridization, andexposure times, a smaller amount of starting polynucleotides, and lowerspecific activity of probes can be used. For example, a single-copyyeast gene can be detected with an exposure time of only 1 hour startingwith 1 μg of yeast DNA, blotting for two hours, and hybridizing for 4-8hours with a probe of 10⁸ cpm/μg. For a single-copy mammalian gene aconservative approach would start with 10 μg of DNA, blot overnight, andhybridize overnight in the presence of 10% dextran sulfate using a probeof greater than 10⁸ cpm/μg, resulting in an exposure time of ˜24 hours.

Several factors can affect the melting temperature (Tm) of a DNA-DNAhybrid between the probe and the fragment of interest, and consequently,the appropriate conditions for hybridization and washing. In many casesthe probe is not 100% homologous to the fragment. Other commonlyencountered variables include the length and total G+C content of thehybridizing sequences and the ionic strength and formamide content ofthe hybridization buffer. The effects of all of these factors can beapproximated by a single equation:

Tm=81+16.6(log₁₀ Ci)+0.4[%(G+C)]−0.6(% formamide)−600/n−1.5(% mismatch).

where Ci is the salt concentration (monovalent ions) and n is the lengthof the hybrid in base pairs (slightly modified from Meinkoth & Wahl(1984) Anal. Biochem. 138: 267-284).

In designing a hybridization experiment, some factors affecting nucleicacid hybridization can be conveniently altered. The temperature of thehybridization and washes and the salt concentration during the washesare the simplest to adjust. As the temperature of the hybridizationincreases (ie. stringency), it becomes less likely for hybridization tooccur between strands that are nonhomologous, and as a result,background decreases. If the radiolabeled probe is not completelyhomologous with the immobilized fragment (as is frequently the case ingene family and interspecies hybridization experiments), thehybridization temperature must be reduced, and background will increase.The temperature of the washes affects the intensity of the hybridizingband and the degree of background in a similar manner. The stringency ofthe washes is also increased with decreasing salt concentrations.

In general, convenient hybridization temperatures in the presence of 50%formamide are 42° C. for a probe with is 95% to 100% homologous to thetarget fragment, 37° C. for 90% to 95% homology, and 32° C. for 85% to90% homology. For lower homologies, formamide content should be loweredand temperature adjusted accordingly, using the equation above. If thehomology between the probe and the target fragment are not known, thesimplest approach is to start with both hybridization and washconditions which are nonstringent. If non-specific bands or highbackground are observed after autoradiography, the filter can be washedat high stringency and reexposed. If the time required for exposuremakes this approach impractical, several hybridization and/or washingstringencies should be tested in parallel.

Nucleic Acid Probe Assays

Methods such as PCR, branched DNA probe assays, or blotting techniquesutilizing nucleic acid probes according to the invention can determinethe presence of cDNA or mRNA. A probe is said to “hybridize” with asequence of the invention if it can form a duplex or double strandedcomplex, which is stable enough to be detected.

The nucleic acid probes will hybridize to the Staphylococcus nucleotidesequences of the invention (including both sense and antisense strands).Though many different nucleotide sequences will encode the amino acidsequence, the native Staphylococcus sequence is preferred because it isthe actual sequence present in cells. mRNA represents a coding sequenceand so a probe should be complementary to the coding sequence;single-stranded cDNA is complementary to mRNA, and so a cDNA probeshould be complementary to the non-coding sequence.

The probe sequence need not be identical to the Staphylococcus sequence(or its complement)—some variation in the sequence and length can leadto increased assay sensitivity if the nucleic acid probe can form aduplex with target nucleotides, which can be detected. Also, the nucleicacid probe can include additional nucleotides to stabilize the formedduplex. Additional Staphylococcus sequence may also be helpful as alabel to detect the formed duplex. For example, a non-complementarynucleotide sequence may be attached to the 5′ end of the probe, with theremainder of the probe sequence being complementary to a Staphylococcussequence. Alternatively, non-complementary bases or longer sequences canbe interspersed into the probe, provided that the probe sequence hassufficient complementarity with the a Staphylococcus sequence in orderto hybridize therewith and thereby form a duplex which can be detected.

The exact length and sequence of the probe will depend on thehybridization conditions (e.g. temperature, salt condition etc.). Forexample, for diagnostic applications, depending on the complexity of theanalyte sequence, the nucleic acid probe typically contains at least10-20 nucleotides, preferably 15-25, and more preferably at least 30nucleotides, although it may be shorter than this. Short primersgenerally require cooler temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybridcomplexes with the template.

Probes may be produced by synthetic procedures, such as the triestermethod of Matteucci et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1981) 103:3185], oraccording to Urdea et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1983) 80: 7461],or using commercially available automated oligonucleotide synthesizers.

The chemical nature of the probe can be selected according topreference. For certain applications, DNA or RNA are appropriate. Forother applications, modifications may be incorporated eg. backbonemodifications, such as phosphorothioates or methylphosphonates, can beused to increase in vivo half-life, alter RNA affinity, increasenuclease resistance etc. [eg. see Agrawal & Iyer (1995) Curr OpinBiotechnol 6:12-19; Agrawal (1996) TIBTECH 14:376-387]; analogues suchas peptide nucleic acids may also be used [eg. see Corey (1997) TIBTECH15:224-229; Buchardt et al. (1993) TIBTECH 11:384-386].

Alternatively, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is another well-knownmeans for detecting small amounts of target nucleic acid. The assay isdescribed in Mullis et al. [Meth. Enzymol. (1987) 155:335-350] & U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 & 4,683,202. Two “primer” nucleotides hybridize withthe target nucleic acids and are used to prime the reaction. The primerscan comprise sequence that does not hybridize to the sequence of theamplification target (or its complement) to aid with duplex stabilityor, for example, to incorporate a convenient restriction site.Typically, such sequence will flank the desired Staphylococcus sequence.

A thermostable polymerase creates copies of target nucleic acids fromthe primers using the original target nucleic acids as a template. Aftera threshold amount of target nucleic acids are generated by thepolymerase, they can be detected by more traditional methods, such asSouthern blots. When using the Southern blot method, the labelled probewill hybridize to the Staphylococcus sequence (or its complement).

Also, mRNA or cDNA can be detected by traditional blotting techniquesdescribed in Sambrook et al [supra]. mRNA, or cDNA generated from mRNAusing a polymerase enzyme, can be purified and separated using gelelectrophoresis. The nucleic acids on the gel are then blotted onto asolid support, such as nitrocellulose. The solid support is exposed to alabelled probe and then washed to remove any unhybridized probe. Next,the duplexes containing the labeled probe are detected. Typically, theprobe is labelled with a radioactive moiety.

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

2821 nucleic acid coding sequences were identified in S.aureus (strainNCTC 8325), along with their inferred translation products. The nucleicacid sequences are given in the sequence listing with odd numbers (SEQIDs 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . , 5639, 5641). Each nucleic acid sequence isfollowed by its inferred translation product (SEQ IDs 2, 4, 6, 8, . . ., 5640, 5642). Inferred functions are given in field <223> of thesequence listing.

Various tests can be used to assess the in vivo immunogenicity of theproteins identified in the examples. For example, the proteins can beexpressed recombinantly and used to screen patient sera by immunoblot. Apositive reaction between the protein and patient serum indicates thatthe patient has previously mounted an immune response to the protein inquestion i.e. the protein is an immunogen. This method can also be usedto identify immunodominant proteins.

The recombinant proteins can also be conveniently used to prepareantibodies e.g. in a mouse. These can be used for direct confirmationthat a protein is located on the cell-surface. Labelled antibody (e.g.fluorescent labelling for FACS) can be incubated with intact bacteriaand the presence of label on the bacterial surface confirms the locationof the protein.

It will be understood that the invention has been described by way ofexample only and modifications may be made whilst remaining within thescope and spirit of the invention.

1: A composition comprising: an isolated polypeptide comprising an aminoacid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:3178. 2: The composition of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence isat least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 3178. 3: A composition comprising ahybrid polypeptide represented by the formula NH2-A-[-X-L-]n-B—COOH,wherein X is an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 3178; L is an optional linker amino acidsequence; A is an optional N-terminal amino acid sequence; B is anoptional C-terminal amino acid sequence; and n is an integer greaterthan 1, wherein X may be the same sequence or have different amino acidsequences. 4: The composition of claim 1, further comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 5: The composition of claim 1,further comprising one or more antigens selected from the groupconsisting of a protein antigen from Helicobacter pylori; a proteinantigen from N. meningitidis serogroup B; an outer-membrane vesicle(OMV) preparation from N. meningitidis; a saccharide antigen from N.meningitidis serogroup A, C, W135 and/or Y; a saccharide antigen fromStreptococcus pneumoniae; an antigen from hepatitis A virus; an antigenfrom hepatitis B virus; an antigen from hepatitis C virus; an antigenfrom Bordetella pertussis; a diphtheria antigen; a tetanus antigen; asaccharide antigen from Haemophilus influenzae B; an antigen from N.gonorrhoeae; an antigen from Chlamydia pneumoniae; an antigen fromStreptococcus agalactiae; an antigen from Streptococcus pyogenes; anantigen from Chlamydia trachomatis; an antigen from Porphyromonasgingivalis; polio antigen(s); rabies antigen(s); measles, mumps and/orrubella antigens; influenza antigen(s); and an antigen from Moraxellacatarrhalis. 6: The composition of claim 3 which is (b), wherein theamino acid sequence has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:3178. 7: The composition of claim 3 which is (b), wherein the amino acidsequence has at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
 3178. 8: Amethod of inducing an immune response in a subject comprisingadministering an immunologically effective amount of the composition ofclaim 2 to the subject. 9: The method of claim 8, wherein the immuneresponse is against an Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. 10: A compositioncomprising (1) an immunologically effective amount of an isolatedpolypeptide comprising (a) an amino acid sequence which has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3178, or (b) a fragment of SEQ ID NO:3178, wherein the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 3178 includes at least tenconsecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 3178, and (2) a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, wherein concentration of the isolated polypeptideis at least 1 μg/ml. 11: The composition of claim 10, wherein theisolated polypeptide comprises (b) and the fragment includes at leasttwenty consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO:
 3178. 12: The compositionof claim 10, wherein the isolated polypeptide comprises a hybridpolypeptide represented by the formula NH₂-A-[-X-L-]_(n)-B—COOH, whereinX is (a) or (b); L is an optional linker amino acid sequence; A is anoptional N-terminal amino acid sequence; B is an optional C-terminalamino acid sequence; and n is an integer greater than
 1. 13: Thecomposition of claim 10, further comprising an immunologically effectiveamount of an adjuvant. 14: The composition of claim 13, wherein theadjuvant comprises an aluminum salt or an oil-in-water emulsion. 15: Thecomposition of claim 10, wherein the composition is an immunogeniccomposition or a diagnostic composition. 16: The composition of claim10, further comprising one or more antigens selected from the groupconsisting of a protein antigen from Helicobacter pylori; a proteinantigen from N. meningitidis serogroup B; an outer-membrane vesicle(OMV) preparation from N. meningitidis; a saccharide antigen from N.meningitidis serogroup A, C, W135 and/or Y; a saccharide antigen fromStreptococcus pneumoniae; an antigen from hepatitis A virus; an antigenfrom hepatitis B virus; an antigen from hepatitis C virus; an antigenfrom Bordetella pertussis; a diphtheria antigen; a tetanus antigen; asaccharide antigen from Haemophilus influenzae B; an antigen from N.gonorrhoeae; an antigen from Chlamydia pneumoniae; an antigen fromStreptococcus agalactiae; an antigen from Streptococcus pyogenes; anantigen from Chlamydia trachomatis; an antigen from Porphyromonasgingivalis; polio antigen(s); rabies antigen(s); measles, mumps and/orrubella antigens; influenza antigen(s); and an antigen from Moraxellacatarrhalis. 17: The composition of claim 10, wherein the isolatedpolypeptide comprises (b) and the fragment includes at least fiftyconsecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO:
 3178. 18: The composition ofclaim 13, wherein the immunologically effective amount of the adjuvantwill enhance the immune response to the isolated polypeptide. 19: Thecomposition of claim 10, further comprising a saccharide antigenconjugated to a carrier protein. 20: The composition of claim 19,wherein the carrier protein is selected from tetanus toxoid, diphtheriatoxoid and CRM₁₉₇. 21: A method of inducing an immune response in asubject comprising administering an immunologically effective amount ofthe composition of claim 10 to the subject. 22: The method of claim 21,wherein the immune response is against an Staphylococcus aureusbacteria.